Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/nékʷe

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    From *né +‎ *-kʷe.

    Particle

    *nékʷe[1][2][3][4][5]

    1. and not

    Descendants

    • Proto-Albanian: *nuka
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: [script needed] (ne-ku /⁠nekku⁠/, “not”, adverb)[3]
    • Proto-Celtic: *nekʷe (“nor”)
    • Proto-Germanic: *nehw
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: न च॑ (ná ca)
    • Proto-Italic: *nekʷe
      • Latin: neque (“not”)
      • Osco-Umbrian: (or from *nēkʷe)[6]
        • >? Oscan: nep (“not”)
        • >? Umbrian: nep (“not”)

    References

    1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ne-kʷe”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 287: “PIE: *ne-kʷe”
    2. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*né 1.kʷe”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 538
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “nekku”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 601-602: “PIE *ne-kʷe”
    4. ^ Kapović, Mate (2017), “Part 1 Chapter 2: Proto-Indo-European morphology”, in Kapović, Mate, editor, The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Series), 2nd edition, London, New York: Routledge, →ISBN, pages 105-106: “*ne-kʷe 'and not'”
    5. ^ Klein, Jared (2011), “Negation and Polarity in the Greek, Gothic, Classical Armenian, and Old Church Slavic Gospels: A Preliminary Study”, in Welo, Eirik, editor, Indo-European syntax and pragmatics: contrastive approaches (Oslo Studies in Language)‎[1], volume 3, number 3, →ISSN, page 148: “The Gothic sequence represents PIE *nekʷe”
    6. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ne-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 403

    Further reading

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