Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/leyd-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *leyd-[1][2]

    2. to let, allow
    3. to let go, release

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *leyd- (let) (3 c, 0 e)
    • *léyd-ti ~ *lid-énti (athematic root present) (or perhaps this and the following (reduplicated) verb should be reconstructed as molō-present *lóyd- ~ *léyd-[2])
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *léiˀstei (see there for further descendants)
    • *le-loyd-ti ~ *lé-lid-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)[2]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laiˀstei (see there for further descendants)
    • *li-né-d-ti ~ *li-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)[1][2]
      • >? Proto-Albanian: *linda[3]
        • Albanian: lind (“to bear, give birth”), lindem (“to be born”) (or *leunda ⇐ *leuda[4])
    • *loyd-éye-ti (eye-iterative)[2]
      • Proto-Albanian: *laida[3]
        • >? Albanian: le (“to bear, give birth”) (dialectal, or < *leuda < *h₁lewdʰ- (“to grow”)[4])
        • ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *laidna[5]
          • Albanian: lë (“to let”) (or < *lādna < *leh₁d- (“to be tired”)[6])
        • ⇒? Proto-Albanian: *laidnja[3]
          • Albanian: lej (“to bear, give birth”) (or < *leudnja[4])
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laidīˀti
        • Lithuanian: láidyti (“to let, let go, start moving”)
    • *leid-sk-to-s[7]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Lithuanian: láiškas (“letter”)
        • Latvian: laiska (“leaf”)
        • Old Prussian: lāiskas (“booklet”)
        • Proto-Slavic: *listъ (“letter”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *loyd-eh₂
      • >? Proto-Celtic: *loidā[8]
        • Old Irish: loíd
          • Middle Irish: láed, laíd

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Schmidt, Manfred Erwin (1930), “Untersuchungen zur albanischen Sprachgeschichte”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen, volume 57, number 1/2, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →JSTOR, page 34: “Wz. *leid- „gahen lessen“”
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “lei̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 402–403
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “lej”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 217
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Jokl, Norbert (1911), Studien zur albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung (Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Klasse der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften; 168) (in German), Vienna: A. Hölder, pages 226-228
    5. ^ Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “lë ~ lâ”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 220
    6. ^ Meyer, G. (1891), “l'ɛ̇”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language] (in German), Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, →DOI, page 242
    7. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “laiškas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 270–271
    8. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “loyd-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 246

    Root

    *leyd-[1][2]

    2. to play, contend

    Reconstruction notes

    Rix suggests that this root derives from the root above.[3] Alternatively related to *leyg- (“to jump around, play”).[4]

    Derived terms

    Category Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *leyd- (play) not found
    • *lé-loyd-ti ~ *lé-lid-n̥ti (reduplicated athematic root present)[3]
      • Proto-Italic: *loidō[5][6]
        • Latin: lūdō (“to play”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *lid-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *líďďō
        • Ancient Greek: λίζω (lízō, “to play”)
    • *li-né-d-ti ~ *li-n-d-énti (nasal-infix present)[3]
      • Proto-Hellenic: *líndō
        • Ancient Greek: *λίνδω (*líndō)
    • *loyd-éye-ti (eye-iterative)[3]
      • Proto-Celtic: *loydīti[1]
        • Old Irish: laídid (“exhort, incite”)[7]
          • Middle Irish: laídid
    • *loyd-o-s[3]
      • Proto-Italic: *loidos[6]
        • Old Latin: loidos, loedos
          • Latin: lūdus (“game”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *loyd-tó-s
      • Proto-Italic: *loissos
        • Latin: lūsus (“played”) (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959), “leid-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 666
    2. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*loid-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 434
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “lei̯d-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 402–403
    4. ^ Seebold, Elmar (1970), “LAIK-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 85) (in German), Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 321-322
    5. ^ Ernout, Alfred; Meillet, Antoine (1985), “lūdō”, in Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections of Jacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published 2001, pages 656-657: “*loidō”
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “lūdō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 350–351: “PIt. *loid-e/o- ‘to play’, *loido- ‘play’”
    7. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “loyd-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 246
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