Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éḱos
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *h₂eḱ- + *-os. The agricultural meanings of the term may not date back to Proto-Indo-European. Tocharian B āka (“a kind of grain”) may reflect a neuter plural form *h₂éḱōs.[1] However, the appurtenance of this Tocharian term is not universally accepted. The linguist Michaël Peyrot argues that it is semantically problematic that the term refers to millet, which is not a kind of grain with pointed ears. Alternatively, Peyrot suggests that the word may actually derive from *h₂éḱ-h₂.[2][3]
Noun
Conjugation
| Athematic, acrostatic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *h₂éḱos | ||
| genitive | *h₂éḱesos | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *h₂éḱos | *h₂éḱesih₁ | *h₂éḱōs |
| vocative | *h₂éḱos | *h₂éḱesih₁ | *h₂éḱōs |
| accusative | *h₂éḱos | *h₂éḱesih₁ | *h₂éḱōs |
| genitive | *h₂éḱesos | *? | *h₂éḱesoHom |
| ablative | *h₂éḱesos | *? | *h₂éḱesmos, *h₂éḱesbʰos |
| dative | *h₂éḱesey | *? | *h₂éḱesmos, *h₂éḱesbʰos |
| locative | *h₂éḱes, *h₂éḱesi | *? | *h₂éḱesu |
| instrumental | *h₂éḱesh₁ | *? | *h₂éḱesmis, *h₂éḱesbʰis |
Descendants
- Proto-Armenian:[8]
- ⇒? Old Armenian: հասկ (hask, “ear of grain”)
- Proto-Germanic: *ahaz (“ear (of grain)”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:[7]
- ⇒? Ancient Greek: ἀκοστή (akostḗ, “barley”), ἀγοσταί (agostaí)
- Proto-Italic: *akos[9]
- Latin: acus (“husk of grain, chaff”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *āke m, *ākā f
References
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “āka”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 39
- ^ Peyrot, M.; Kroonen, G.; Mallory, J.P.; Comrie, B. (2013), “Tocharian agricultural terminology: Between inheritance and language contact”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies[1], Leipzig, →ISBN, page 254
- ^ Kroonen, Guus; Jakob, Anthony; Palmér, Axel; van Sluis, Paulus; Wigman, Andrew (12 October 2022), “Indo-European cereal terminology suggests a Northwest Pontic homeland for the core Indo-European languages”, in Wichmann, Søren, editor, PLoS ONE[2], volume 17, number 10, , page 11 of 45: “*h₂eḱ-os-”
- ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*h₂áḱ-es-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 288
- ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*h₂eḱes-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 237
- ^ Malzahn Melanie; Fellner, Hannes A. (2015), “Lifting up the light: tläś and lkäś in Tocharian A”, in Olsen, Birgit Anette, Peyrot, Michaël, Pinault, Georges-Jean, Olander, Thomas, editors, Tocharian and Indo-European Studies[3], volume 16, Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, →ISBN, page 71: “*h₂ek̑-os-”
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Blažek, Václav (2012), “On Indo-European ‘barley’”, in Etymology and the European Lexicon: Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 17–22 September 2012, Copenhagen[4], Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, published 2016, page 56: “*h₂ek̑-os-”
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “hask”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 389-390
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “acus, -eris”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 23-24: “PIt. *akos”