Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁órǵʰis

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Uncertain.

  • If the term is reconstructed as *h₁órǵʰis, the term may derive from a root *h₁erǵʰ-,[1] perhaps whence also Ancient Greek ὀρχέομαι (orkhéomai).
  • If the term is reconstructed as *h₃órǵʰis or *h₃érǵʰis, it may derive from a root *h₃erǵʰ-, perhaps whence also Proto-Germanic *argaz.

Noun

*h₁órǵʰis[2]

  1. testicle

Reconstruction notes

  • Kloekhorst prefers to reconstruct the term with an initial *h₃ laryngeal as numerous descendants in daughter languages appear to have been affected by the o-coloring of vowels, such as ὄρχις (órkhis). Beekes concurs and suggests that the majority of descendants show o-vocalism. According to Kloekhorst, the reconstruction with the initial *h₁ laryngeal is exclusively based on Lithuanian er̃žilas, which Kloekhorst argues is more likely the result of "Rozwadowski’s change," a dialectal sound change in which word-initial e- and a- were confused.
  • Kloekhorst suggests that the Hittite and Greek terms may reflect a zero-grade form *h₃ṛg-i-,[3] which he suggests is the more probable reconstruction as—according to Kloekhorst—Avestan ərəzī and Old Armenian որձիք (orjikʻ) are also zero-grade formations. Though, Beekes suggests that an o-grade pre-form is possible for the Armenian term.[4] Likewise, Martirosyan argues that the Armenian term likely reflects an o-grade formation, citing Ancient Greek ὄρχις (órkhis) and Middle Irish uirgge as parallels.
  • The Albanian term herdhe may derive from an e-grade form *h₃erǵʰi-,[5] though Matasović argues that the initial h- could be a secondary development. Beekes suggests that the Ancient Greek term could also be explained from an e-grade formation.[4] Similarly, the linguist Craig Melchert has argued that the Hittite term may be derived from *h₃erǵʰis provided that the initial laryngeal during the transition to Hittite. Kortlandt rejects this hypothesis, and prefers to derive the Hittite term from an o-grade pre-form.[6]
  • The linguist Eric P. Hamp prefers to reconstruct the term with an initial *h₄ laryngeal,[7] a proposed Proto-Indo-European phoneme whose existence is disputed.[8] Regardless, according to Hamp, such a reconstruction would explain the provenance of the Albanian term.[7]

Inflection

Athematic, proterokinetic
singular
nominative *h₁órǵʰis
genitive *h₁r̥ǵʰéys
singular dual plural
nominative *h₁órǵʰis *h₁órǵʰih₁(e) *h₁órǵʰeyes
vocative *h₁órǵʰi *h₁órǵʰih₁(e) *h₁órǵʰeyes
accusative *h₁órǵʰim *h₁órǵʰih₁(e) *h₁órǵʰims
genitive *h₁r̥ǵʰéys *? *h₁r̥ǵʰéyoHom
ablative *h₁r̥ǵʰéys *? *h₁r̥ǵʰímos, *h₁r̥ǵʰíbʰos
dative *h₁r̥ǵʰéyey *? *h₁r̥ǵʰímos, *h₁r̥ǵʰíbʰos
locative *h₁r̥ǵʰéy, *h₁r̥ǵʰḗy *? *h₁r̥ǵʰísu
instrumental *h₁r̥ǵʰíh₁ *? *h₁r̥ǵʰímis, *h₁r̥ǵʰíbʰis

Alternative reconstructions

  • *h₄órǵʰis[9]
  • *h₃érǵʰis (the h-less Hittite form would arise in the zero-grade and get levelled by the ablaut)
  • *h₃órǵʰis

Descendants

  • Proto-Albanian: *ardzai
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: [script needed] (arki-)[10]
  • Proto-Armenian:
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *arź-
    • Proto-Slavic: *orzъ (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *orgyā
  • Proto-Hellenic: *órkʰis
    • Ancient Greek: ὄρχις (órkhis)[13] (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Iranian:
      • Avestan: 𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰𐬍 (ərəzī)

References

  1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 239
  2. ^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 184
  3. ^ Alwin Kloekhorst (2006), “Initial Laryngeals in Anatolian”, in Historische Sprachforschung‎[1], volume 119, →ISSN, page 89
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2001), Historical Phonology of Classical Armenian‎[2], page 188
  5. ^ Frederik Kortlandt (1998), “Reflexes of Indo-European Consonants in Albanian”, in Journal of Indo-European and Thracian Studies‎[3], number 8, →ISSN, page 35
  6. ^ Frederik Kortlandt (1 January 2010), “Initial Laryngeals in Anatolian”, in Studies in Germanic, Indo-European and Indo-Uralic‎[4], pages 2-3
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Eric P. Hamp (1976), “On *HRC- in Latin”, in Glotta‎[5], volume 54, number 3/4, →ISSN, pages 261–263
  8. ^ J. A. C. Greppin (1978), “A Rejoinder to Eric Hamp on *HRC- Sequences in Latin”, in Glotta‎[6], volume 56, number 1/2, →ISSN, page 100
  9. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 507
  10. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 203-204
  11. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “*orj-i-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 538
  12. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 300
  13. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1116
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