Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰn̥sḱéti
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *gʷʰen- (“to strike, slay”) + *-sḱéti.
Verb
*gʷʰn̥sḱéti (imperfective)[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
- to strike
Conjugation
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *gʷʰn̥sḱéti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *gʷʰn̥sḱónti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *gʷʰn̥sḱóh₂ | *gʷʰn̥sḱóm | — | *gʷʰn̥sḱṓh₂ | *gʷʰn̥sḱóyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *gʷʰn̥sḱési | *gʷʰn̥sḱés | *gʷʰn̥sḱé | *gʷʰn̥sḱḗsi | *gʷʰn̥sḱóys |
| 3rd singular | *gʷʰn̥sḱéti | *gʷʰn̥sḱét | *gʷʰn̥sḱétu | *gʷʰn̥sḱḗti | *gʷʰn̥sḱóyt |
| 1st dual | *gʷʰn̥sḱówos | *gʷʰn̥sḱówe | — | *gʷʰn̥sḱṓwos | *gʷʰn̥sḱóywe |
| 2nd dual | *gʷʰn̥sḱétes | *gʷʰn̥sḱétom | *gʷʰn̥sḱétom | *gʷʰn̥sḱḗtes | *gʷʰn̥sḱóytom |
| 3rd dual | *gʷʰn̥sḱétes | *gʷʰn̥sḱétām | *gʷʰn̥sḱétām | *gʷʰn̥sḱḗtes | *gʷʰn̥sḱóytām |
| 1st plural | *gʷʰn̥sḱómos | *gʷʰn̥sḱóme | — | *gʷʰn̥sḱṓmos | *gʷʰn̥sḱóyme |
| 2nd plural | *gʷʰn̥sḱéte | *gʷʰn̥sḱéte | *gʷʰn̥sḱéte | *gʷʰn̥sḱḗte | *gʷʰn̥sḱóyte |
| 3rd plural | *gʷʰn̥sḱónti | *gʷʰn̥sḱónt | *gʷʰn̥sḱóntu | *gʷʰn̥sḱṓnti | *gʷʰn̥sḱóyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *gʷʰn̥sḱónts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *gʷʰn̥sḱóh₂er | *gʷʰn̥sḱóh₂e | — | *gʷʰn̥sḱṓh₂er | *gʷʰn̥sḱóyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *gʷʰn̥sḱéth₂er | *gʷʰn̥sḱéth₂e | *gʷʰn̥sḱéso | *gʷʰn̥sḱḗth₂er | *gʷʰn̥sḱóyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *gʷʰn̥sḱétor | *gʷʰn̥sḱéto | *? | *gʷʰn̥sḱḗtor | *gʷʰn̥sḱóyto, *gʷʰn̥sḱóyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *gʷʰn̥sḱówosdʰh₂ | *gʷʰn̥sḱówedʰh₂ | — | *gʷʰn̥sḱṓwosdʰh₂ | *gʷʰn̥sḱóywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *gʷʰn̥sḱómosdʰh₂ | *gʷʰn̥sḱómedʰh₂ | — | *gʷʰn̥sḱṓmosdʰh₂ | *gʷʰn̥sḱóymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *gʷʰn̥sḱédʰh₂we | *gʷʰn̥sḱédʰh₂we | *gʷʰn̥sḱédʰh₂we | *gʷʰn̥sḱḗdʰh₂we | *gʷʰn̥sḱóydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *gʷʰn̥sḱóntor | *gʷʰn̥sḱónto | *? | *gʷʰn̥sḱṓntor | *gʷʰn̥sḱóyro |
| Participle | *gʷʰn̥sḱómnos | ||||
Descendants
- Proto-Anatolian: *gʷənsḱéti
- Hittite: 𒆪𒀸𒆠- (ku-aš-ke-), 𒆪𒉿𒀸𒆠- (ku-wa-aš-ke- /kʷəské-/, “to kill, slay, ruin”)[9]
- Proto-Tocharian: *käsk- (“to scatter, disperse”)
References
- ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 592: “gʷhn̥-sḱe/o- 'strike'”
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “kue(n)-zi/ kun- / kuṷa(n)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 485-486: “*gʷʰn-sḱé/ó-”
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “käsk-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 189: “*gʷʰn̥sk̂e/o-”
- ^ Rieken, Elisabeth (2023), “LUWIAN /W/ AND ⟨P⟩: SECOND THOUGHTS”, in Trabazo, José Virgilio García, Lajara, Ignacio-Javier Adiego, Pons, Mariona Vernet, Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu, Soler, Susana, editors, New approaches on Anatolian linguistics (Barcino monographica orientalia Series Anatolica et Indogermanica), Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona Edicions, →ISBN, page 207: “*gʷʰn̥-sḱe/a-”
- ^ Melchert, H. Craig (1977), “Tocharian verb stems in -tk-”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung[1], volume 91, number 1, →ISSN, page 108: “overall usage, I propose to derive käsk- from IE *gʷhen 'strike' via *gʷhn̥-sk-”
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2007), “The Hittite Syllabification of PIE *CᵘR and *KᵘR”, in Groddek, D, Zorman, M, editors, Tabula Hethaeorum, Hethitologische Beiträge[2], page 456: “*gṷhn-sk̑é/ó-”
- ^ H. Craig Melchert (2015), “Historical Phonology”, in Hittite Historical Phonology after 100 Years[3], Los Angeles: University of California, page 267: “k(u)waške- ‘slay’ < *gʷʰn̥-sk̂e-”
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gu̯hen-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 218-219: “*gṷhn̥-sk̑é-”
- ^ Dardano, Paola (2 October 2017), Napoli, Maria, Ravetto, Miriam, editors, Chapter 5. Intensification and intensifying modification in Hittite[4], John Benjamins Publishing Company, , →ISBN, page 109: “Sometimes intensity means an interaction of iterativity and durativity. In (6) the rendering of kuwaške- ‘to slay’ conveys the force of the verb, implying a long continued (and repeated) activity.”