Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰegʷʰóne
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of *gʷʰen- (“to strike, slay, kill”).
Verb
*gʷʰegʷʰóne (stative)[1][2][3][4]
- to have slain
Conjugation
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *gʷʰegʷʰóne | |||
| 3rd plural | *gʷʰegʷʰnḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *gʷʰegʷʰónh₂e | — | *gʷʰegʷʰénoh₂ | *gʷʰegʷʰnyéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *gʷʰegʷʰónth₂e | *gʷʰegʷʰón, *gʷʰegʷʰndʰí | *gʷʰegʷʰénesi | *gʷʰegʷʰnyéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *gʷʰegʷʰóne | *gʷʰegʷʰóntu | *gʷʰegʷʰéneti | *gʷʰegʷʰnyéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *gʷʰegʷʰnwé | — | *gʷʰegʷʰénowos | *gʷʰegʷʰnih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *gʷʰegʷʰntóm | *gʷʰegʷʰénetes | *gʷʰegʷʰnih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *gʷʰegʷʰntā́m | *gʷʰegʷʰénetes | *gʷʰegʷʰnih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *gʷʰegʷʰnmé | — | *gʷʰegʷʰénomos | *gʷʰegʷʰnih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *gʷʰegʷʰné | *gʷʰegʷʰnté | *gʷʰegʷʰénete | *gʷʰegʷʰnih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *gʷʰegʷʰnḗr | *gʷʰegʷʰnéntu | *gʷʰegʷʰénonti | *gʷʰegʷʰnih₁ént |
| Participle | *gʷʰegʷʰnwṓs | |||
Reconstruction notes
Lundquist and Yates provide the transitive meaning "has slain".[1] However, according to the linguist Martin Joachim Kümmel, it is unlikely that an old perfect could possess a transitive meaning, perhaps indicating that these terms are all post-PIE innovations. Kümmel suggests that it may constitute a "Core Indo-European" innovation, meaning that it perhaps emerged after the Anatolian languages split from the rest of the Indo-European family.[5] The linguist Jay Jasanoff counters the perspective of Kümmel, arguing that the original function of the perfect remains unclear in PIE.[6] Though, Jasanoff does also suggest that the root did possess an originally intransitive meaning "lie slain".[2][7] According to the linguist Ian Hollenbaugh, it is unlikely that the term originally possessed an original passive or intransitive meaning, as the daughter languages largely attest to active semantics.[8]
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *gʷegʷone[9]
- Old Irish: geguin (pret.)
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πέφαται (péphatai, 3sg. mediopassive)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰagʰā́na ~ *ǰʰagʰnŕ̥š
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lundquist, Jesse; Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2167: “*gʷʰe-gʷʰón-e 'has slain'”
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jay H. Jasanoff (4 June 2025), “A Retrospective on the Hittite and the Indo-European Verb since HIEV”, in Jamison, Stephanie W, Vine, Brent, Goldstein, David M., editors, Proceedings of the 30th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference: November 9th and 10th, 2018[1], Helmut Buske Verlag, →ISBN, page 105: “*gʷʰegʷʰón-e 'lies stricken/slain'”
- ^ Griffith, Aaron (2009), “The Old Irish deponent suffixless preterite*”, in Keltische Forschungen, volume 4, Institut fur Sprachwissenschaft, Universitat Wien, pages 169-187: “·geguin “he slew” < *gu̯he-gu̯hon-e”
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “θείνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 536-537: “Skt. 3sg. ja-ghā́n-a < IE *gʷʰe-gʷʰon-; πέ-φα-ται and Skt. 3pl. ja-ghn-úḥ < *gʷʰe-gʷʰn-.”
- ^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2 September 2020), “The development of the perfect within IE verbal systems: An overview”, in Perfects in Indo-European Languages and Beyond[2], John Benjamins Publishing Company, , →ISBN, pages 23-24: “Vedic ja-ghā́n-a “has slain” = Old Irish geguin < CIE (?) *gʷʱe-gʷʱón-e (because of the strongly transitive meaning, PIE age is doubtful)”
- ^ Jasanoff, Jay (2017), “The Two Faces of *gʷʰen-”, in 15th Fachtagung of the Indogermanische Gesellschaft[3], page 2: “*gʷʰegʷʰ(ó)n-”
- ^ Jasanoff, Jay (2018), “What happened to the perfect in Hittite? A contribution to the theory of the h2e-conjugation”, in Rieken, Elisabeth, editor, 100 Jahre Entzifferung des Hethitischen. Morphosyntaktische Kategorien in Sprachgeschichte und Forschung. Akten der Arbeitstagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft[4], Reichert Verlag, page 146: “*gʷʰegʷʰ(ó)n-”
- ^ Hollenbaugh, Ian (24 October 2025), “A state filter: Reconsidering the semantics of the perfect”, in Thirty-Sixth Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference[5], page 13: “*gʷʰegʷʰóne”
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), “Urkelt. *gu̯an-e/o-”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Meid, →ISBN, page 362: “*gu̯-e-gu̯-on-”
- ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*ǰan”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 224-225
Further reading
- Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gu̯ʰen-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 218-219: “Neubildungen: Perfekt”