Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₁sḱeti
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *-éh₁ti (stative suffix) + *-sḱéti (inchoative suffix).
Suffix
- Thematicization of the athematic inchoative verbal suffix; see *-sḱéti.
Inflection
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱeti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱonti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoh₂ | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱom | — | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱōh₂ | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱesi | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱes | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱe | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱēsi | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoys |
| 3rd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱeti | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱet | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱetu | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱēti | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoyt |
| 1st dual | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱowos | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱowe | — | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱōwos | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoywe |
| 2nd dual | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱetes | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱetom | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱetom | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱētes | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoytom |
| 3rd dual | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱetes | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱetām | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱetām | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱētes | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoytām |
| 1st plural | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱomos | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱome | — | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱōmos | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoyme |
| 2nd plural | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱete | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱete | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱete | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱēte | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoyte |
| 3rd plural | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱonti | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱont | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱontu | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱōnti | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱonts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoh₂er | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoh₂e | — | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱōh₂er | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱeth₂er | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱeth₂e | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱeso | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱēth₂er | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱetor | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱeto | *? | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱētor | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoyto, *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱowosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱowedʰh₂ | — | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱōwosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱomosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱomedʰh₂ | — | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱōmosdʰh₂ | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱedʰh₂we | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱedʰh₂we | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱedʰh₂we | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱēdʰh₂we | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱontor | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱonto | *? | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱōntor | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱoyro |
| Participle | *(Ø)-éh₁sḱomnos | ||||
Reconstruction notes
The Hittie suffix [Term?] (/-ēšš-/) has been connected to this Proto-Indo-European suffix, though Kloekhorst argues such a connection is phonologically problematic, noting that the evolution of *h₁éh₁s-ti into [script needed] (eš-a(ri)) indicates that the sequence *-éh₁s- did not produce a geminate *-šš- in Hittite. Kloekhorst instead reconstructs a suffix *-éh₁-sh₁-, which was perhaps equivalent to *-éh₁sḱeti semantically. According to Kloekhorst, the similarity between the suffix [Term?] (/-ēšš-/) (from *-éh₁-sh₁-) and *-éh₁sḱeti may parallel the similarity between [script needed] (-šš(a)-) (from *-s(o)h₁-) and *-sḱéti.[3]
Descendants
- Proto-Albanian: *-āska
- Albanian: -oh
- Proto-Armenian: *-ēc-[1]
- Old Armenian: -չ- (-čʻ-)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-statei
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áHsćati (unproductive)
- Proto-Iranian: *-áHscati (unproductive)
- Proto-Italic: *-ēskō
- Latin: -ēscō
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kocharov, Petr (2019), Old Armenian nasal verbs : archaisms and innovations[1], Doctoral Thesis, Leiden University, page 91: “*-eh₁-sḱe/o- > PArm. *-ē-c- → Arm. -(i)čʽ-.”
- ^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (2017–2018), “Chapter X: Armenian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Armenian, page 1095: “*-eh₁-sḱe/o-”
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “-ēšš-zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 255-256
Further reading
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 507
- Jasanoff, Jay (2017), “§ 6.2.2.2 The Baltic Presents in -sta-”, in The Prehistory of the Balto-Slavic Accent (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 17), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 194-195: “-PIE inchoative, iterative, and desiderative suffix *-(h₁)sḱe/o- (usually oxytone *-(h₁)sḱé/ó-).”
- García Trabazo, José Virgilio (2009), “Über die Vertretung der indogermanischen Aktionsarten ‚Fientiv‘ und ‚Essiv‘ im Hethitischen und Lateinischen”, in Lühr, R., editor, Protolanguage and Prehistory Akten der XII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft Krakau, 11. bis 16.10.2004[2] (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, pages 149-158