Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(H)reh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *(H)reh₁-[1][2]

    1. to give
      Synonym: *deh₃-
    2. to distribute
      Synonyms: *deh₂-, *bʰeh₂g-

    Alternative reconstructions

    Reconstruction notes

    The term is sometimes reconstructed with an initial laryngeal due to an assumed aversion of initial "r" in Proto-Indo-European.[7] However, there is no consensus about this.[8][9]

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *(H)reh₁- (1 c, 0 e)
    • *(H)rḗh₁-s-t ~ *(H)réh₁-s-n̥t (s-aorist)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: अरा॑स्त (árāsta)
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Avestan: 𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬵𐬋𐬌 (rā̊ŋhahōi)
    • *(H)ré-roh₁- ~ *(H)ré-rh₁-
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
          • Sanskrit: ररीध्वम् (rarīdhvam)
    • *(H)reh₁ís (“wealth, goods”)
    • *(H)r(e)h₁ntu-[10]
      • Proto-Celtic:
        • >? Old Irish: rét (“thing”)
    • *(H)r(o/e)-t- (“giving”)[11]
    • *(H)reh₁-went-
      • Proto-Tocharian:

    Descendants

    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: रा (rā, “to give, grant, bestow”)

    References

    1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “rēs, reī”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 520-521: “*(H)reh₁-”
    2. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2016), A Reader in Comparative Indo-European Religion‎[1], Univsity of Zagreb, page 38 of 100: “*(H)reh₁-”
    3. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *reh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 499
    4. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “RĀ¹”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 442-3: “Idg. *reh₁ 'geben'”
    5. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*reh₁ís”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 637-638: “*reh₁- 'give, bestow'”
    6. ^ Sandell, Ryan (4 June 2025), “The morphophonology of reduplicated presents in Vedic and Indo-European”, in Vine, Brent, Melchert, H. Craig, Jamison, Stephanie W., editors, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference: November 5th and 6th, 2010‎[3], Helmut Buske Verlag, →ISBN, page 227: “*reh₁-”
    7. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “HraH”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 186-187
    8. ^ Kocharov, Petr; Shatskov, Andrey (2021), “Proto-Indo-European Initial *r Revisited”, in Iran & the Caucasus‎[4], volume 25, number 4, Brill, pages 398-419
    9. ^ Woodhouse, Robert (2011), “Lubotsky's and Beekes' laws, PIE *(H)r-, *(H)i(V)-, *a and some other laryngeal matters”, in Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia‎[5], volume 16, page 158-9 of 151-187
    10. ^ Stifter, David (2018), “The stars look very different today”, in Eriu‎[6], volume 68, →ISSN, pages 42-43: “*r(e)h₁ntu-”
    11. ^ Nikolaev, Alexander (2021), “Neri, Sergio: Wetter. Etymologie und Lautgesetz”, in Kratylos‎[7], volume 66, number 1, →DOI, page 20: “*retnó- < *reh₁tnó- ‘given as a gift’ ← *ro/eh₁-t- ‘giving (as a gift)’”
    12. ^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2015), “Suppletive Phenomena in Older Indo-Iranian Noun Inflection”, in Diachrony and Suppletion‎[8], Prague: “Ved. rátna- < *rátna- ‘gift > juwel’, from *ratná- < *raH-tn-á- ⇐ *raH-tr̥/tn- ‘giving’”
    13. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “rátna-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[9] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 428-429
    14. ^ Tremblay, Xavier (2005), “Irano-Tocharica et Tocharo-Iranica”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies‎[10], volume 68, number 3, page 430: “Professor K.T. Schmidt tells me that Reuwänt might also be a Tocharian noun, meaning ‘Wealthy’ uel sim. (*reh₁-ṷent-).”
    15. ^ Dragoni, Federico (2022) Watañi lāntaṃ: Khotanese and Tumshuqese loanwords in Tocharian (Thesis)‎[11], Leiden University, page 51: “likely to represent the two different sounds of the Sogdian original rywβnt(k), if, as it seems likely, there was a morpheme boundary between Sogd. ryw and βnt(k).”

    Further reading

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