Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵeǵónh₁e
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Reduplicated stative of *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, produce, give birth”).
Verb
*ǵeǵónh₁e (stative)[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Conjugation
| Stative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *ǵeǵónh₁e | |||
| 3rd plural | *ǵeǵṇh₁ḗr | |||
| Active voice | Indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ǵeǵónh₂e | — | *ǵeǵénh₁oh₂ | *ǵeǵṇh₁yéh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *ǵeǵónth₂e | *ǵeǵónh₁, *ǵeǵṇh₁dʰí | *ǵeǵénh₁esi | *ǵeǵṇh₁yéh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *ǵeǵónh₁e | *ǵeǵóntu | *ǵeǵénh₁eti | *ǵeǵṇh₁yéh₁t |
| 1st dual | *ǵeǵṇh₁wé | — | *ǵeǵénh₁owos | *ǵeǵṇh₁ih₁wé |
| 2nd dual | *? | *ǵeǵṇh₁tóm | *ǵeǵénh₁etes | *ǵeǵṇh₁ih₁tóm |
| 3rd dual | *? | *ǵeǵṇh₁tā́m | *ǵeǵénh₁etes | *ǵeǵṇh₁ih₁tā́m |
| 1st plural | *ǵeǵṇh₁mé | — | *ǵeǵénh₁omos | *ǵeǵṇh₁ih₁mé |
| 2nd plural | *ǵeǵṇh₁é | *ǵeǵṇh₁té | *ǵeǵénh₁ete | *ǵeǵṇh₁ih₁té |
| 3rd plural | *ǵeǵṇh₁ḗr | *ǵeǵṇh₁éntu | *ǵeǵénh₁onti | *ǵeǵṇh₁ih₁ént |
| Participle | *ǵeǵṇh₁wṓs | |||
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic:
- Old Irish: génair
- Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: γέγονα (gégona)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
- Sanskrit: जजान (jajā́na)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
- Proto-Tocharian: *käkænā-[7][8]
- Tocharian B: kānare (3pl.pret.act.)
References
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑enh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 163: “*g̑e-*g̑ónh₁/g̑ṇh₁-”
- ^ Grestenberger, Laura (30 August 2023), “Sound Change and Analogy, Again: Brugmann's Law and the Hunt For O-Grades in Indo-Iranian”, in Transactions of the Philological Society[1], volume 122, number 1, John Wiley & Sons, , →ISSN, page 86: “*g̑e-g̑ón.h₁-e”
- ^ Kim, Ronald I. K (2003), “Uncovering the Prehistory of the Tocharian Class II Preterite”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics[2], volume 116, number 2, →ISSN, page 218: “jajana < *jejóne < *ǵe-ǵónh₁-e”
- ^ Cooper, Adam I. (October 9, 2014), “The Syllabification of Medial Consonant Clusters in Vedic”, in Reconciling Indo-European Syllabification (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics)[3], volume 13, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, , →ISBN, →ISSN, page 72: “*g̑e-g̑ónh₁-e”
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[4], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 34: “*ǵe-ǵónh₁-e 'is... years old'”
- ^ Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, page 223
- ^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2025), Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²[5], page 24: “Anm. 17a < *kəkæna- < *kekona-, dazu Ptz. < *kækæn-, beide umgestaltet aus *g̑e-g̑onh₁-”
- ^ Malzahn, Melanie (2010), The Tocharian Verbal System, Leiden: Brill, page 570: “PT *käkæna-, which could be used both transitively and intransitively, and no doubt derived from the PIE active perfect *g̑e-g̑onh-e”
Further reading
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “γίγνομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 272-273: “whereas the perf. γέγονα (gégona) matches Skt. jajā́na.”
- Pokorny, Julius (1959), “1. g̑en-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 373
- Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 503: “rēĝós potniha súhxnum gegonh₁e.”