Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stīfaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

    From Pre-Germanic *stéypos, from Proto-Indo-European *steyp- (“to be stiff, erect”). Related to Latin stīpō (“to compress”), Lithuanian sti̇̀pti (“to stiffen”).[1]

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈstiː.ɸɑz/

    Adjective

    *stīfaz

    1. stiff, rigid

    Inflection

    Declension of *stīfaz (a-stem)
    Strong declension
    singular plural
    masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
    nominative *stīfaz *stīfō *stīfą, -atō *stīfai *stīfôz *stīfō
    accusative *stīfanǭ *stīfǭ *stīfą, -atō *stīfanz *stīfōz *stīfō
    genitive *stīfas, -is *stīfaizōz *stīfas, -is *stīfaizǫ̂ *stīfaizǫ̂ *stīfaizǫ̂
    dative *stīfammai *stīfaizōi *stīfammai *stīfaimaz *stīfaimaz *stīfaimaz
    instrumental *stīfanō *stīfaizō *stīfanō *stīfaimiz *stīfaimiz *stīfaimiz
    Weak declension
    singular plural
    masculine feminine neuter masculine feminine neuter
    nominative *stīfô *stīfǭ *stīfô *stīfaniz *stīfōniz *stīfōnō
    accusative *stīfanų *stīfōnų *stīfô *stīfanunz *stīfōnunz *stīfōnō
    genitive *stīfiniz *stīfōniz *stīfiniz *stīfanǫ̂ *stīfōnǫ̂ *stīfanǫ̂
    dative *stīfini *stīfōni *stīfini *stīfammaz *stīfōmaz *stīfammaz
    instrumental *stīfinē *stīfōnē *stīfinē *stīfammiz *stīfōmiz *stīfammiz

    Derived terms

    • *stīfijaną
    • *stiftaz

    Descendants

    • Proto-West Germanic: *stīf
      • Old English: stīf
      • Old Frisian: stīf, stēf
      • Old Saxon: *stīf
        • Middle Low German: stīf
          • Low German: stief
          • Plautdietsch: stiew
          • → Danish: stiv
          • → Swedish: styv
          • → Norwegian Bokmål: stiv
          • → Norwegian Nynorsk: stiv
          • → Norn: stiv
          • → Icelandic: stífur
          • → Elfdalian: styv
          • → Gutnish: steivar, steivur
      • Old Dutch: *stīf
      • Old High German: *stīf
    • →? Finnish: tiivis

    References

    1. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*stīfaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 378
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