Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lūtaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *lewd- (“to duck, crouch, feign, cringe, become small”), a root whose purported descendants are uncertain, but which may include Lithuanian liū̃dnas (“sad”), liū̃sti (“to become sad”),[1] and Welsh lludded (“tiredness”).[2] By synchronic analysis, Kroonen takes the word as a back-formation from the iterative *luttōną (“to stoop, droop”) (apparently from the same root),[3] and tentatively compares Old Irish lott (“damage, destruction”).[4]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈluː.tɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*lūtaną[1][3][2]

  1. to bow down, lout

Inflection

Conjugation of *lūtaną (strong class 2)
active voice passive voice
present tense indicative subjunctive imperative indicative subjunctive
1st singular *lūtō *lūtaų — *lūtai ?
2nd singular *lūtizi *lūtaiz *lūt *lūtazai *lūtaizau
3rd singular *lūtidi *lūtai *lūtadau *lūtadai *lūtaidau
1st dual *lūtōz *lūtaiw — — —
2nd dual *lūtadiz *lūtaidiz *lūtadiz — —
1st plural *lūtamaz *lūtaim — *lūtandai *lūtaindau
2nd plural *lūtid *lūtaid *lūtid *lūtandai *lūtaindau
3rd plural *lūtandi *lūtain *lūtandau *lūtandai *lūtaindau
past tense indicative subjunctive
1st singular *laut *lutį̄
2nd singular *laust *lutīz
3rd singular *laut *lutī
1st dual *lutū *lutīw
2nd dual *lutudiz *lutīdiz
1st plural *lutum *lutīm
2nd plural *lutud *lutīd
3rd plural *lutun *lutīn
present past
participles *lūtandz *lutanaz

Derived terms

  • *luttōną (“to stoop, droop”) (iterative)
  • *leutaz (“deceitful”)
  • *lītilaz, *lūtilaz (“little”)
  • *lutjaną (“to mock, rebuke”)
  • *lutōną (“to conceal”)
  • *luttiz (“little, few”)

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *lūtan
    • Old English: lūtan
  • Old Norse: lúta

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003), “*lūtanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 252
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Seebold, Elmar (1970), “LŪT-A- ‘sich neigen’”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 85) (in German), Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, →OCLC
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*lūtan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 345
  4. ^ ibidem under “*luttōn”
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