Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kagô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Of uncertain origin.^[1] Kroonen proposes a derivation from a northern Proto-Indo-European *ǵogʰ-on-, from a root *ǵogʰ- (“shrub”), and adduces Lithuanian žãgaras (“twig”), Latvian žagari (“shrubs”) as cognates.^[2] The ultimate origin could be related to English cog,^[3] or Old English cǣġ (“key”);^[4] see also Proto-West Germanic *kaiju (“peg, key”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑ.ɡɔːː/

Noun

*kagô m^[1]

Inflection

Declension of *kagô (masculine an-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*kagô	*kaganiz
vocative	*kagô	*kaganiz
accusative	*kaganų	*kaganunz
genitive	*kaginiz	*kaganǫ̂
dative	*kagini	*kagammaz
instrumental	*kaginē	*kagammiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kagō
- Old English: *ċeaga
  - ⇒ Old English: ċeacga (diminutive)
    - Middle English: *chagge
      - English: chag
- Old High German: *kago
  - Middle High German: *kage, *kag
    - German: Kag
    - Bavarian: Kag
Old Norse: *kagi
- Norwegian Nynorsk: kage (dialectal)
- Swedish: kage (dialectal)
- ⇒ Old Norse: *kaggi (diminutive)
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: kagge
  - → Middle English: *kagge, *kag
    - English: cag, kag (“stump of a branch, knob”)
- ⇒? Old Norse: kaggi (“cask, keg”, literally “little stump”)
  - Icelandic: kaggi m
  - Faroese: kaggi f
  - Swedish: kagge c
  - → Middle English: *kagge, kag
    - English: keg, cag
    - Scots: cag, caig
  - → Old French: caque
    - Middle French: kaque, quaque
      - French: caque

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003), “*kagōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 208
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kagan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 277
^ Columbia University Germanic Studies. (1900). United States: Columbia University Press, p. 35
^ An Analytic Dictionary of the English Etymology: An Introduction. (n.d.). United Kingdom: U of Minnesota Press, p. 128

[HGE-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Vladimir Orel (2003), “*kagōn”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 208

[EDPG-2] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kagan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 277

[3] Columbia University Germanic Studies. (1900). United States: Columbia University Press, p. 35

[4] An Analytic Dictionary of the English Etymology: An Introduction. (n.d.). United Kingdom: U of Minnesota Press, p. 128

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]