Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwalaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxʷɑ.lɑz/
Rhymes: -ɑ.lɑz

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos (“large fish, sheatfish”). Compare Latin squalus, Old Prussian kalis, Ancient Greek ἀσπαλιεύς (aspalieús, “fisherman”), Avestan 𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀 (kara, “kind of fish”).^[1]

Noun

*hwalaz m

whale

Inflection

Declension of *hwalaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hwalaz	hwalōz, hwalōs
vocative	*hwal	hwalōz, hwalōs
accusative	*hwalą	*hwalanz
genitive	hwalas, hwalis	*hwalǫ̂
dative	*hwalai	*hwalamaz
instrumental	*hwalō	*hwalamiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hwal
- Old English: hwæl
  - Middle English: whal, swale, wale, whalle, whale, quale, quall, qwall, qwalle (mainly Northern), whaale (late), qwayll, qwaylle (Catholicon Anglicum), hwæl (Early Middle English)
    - English: whale
    - Scots: whaul
- Old Saxon: hwal
  - Middle Low German: wal
    - Low German: Waal
- Old Dutch: *wal
  - Middle Dutch: wal
    - Dutch: wal
- Old High German: wal
  - Middle High German: wal
    - German: Wal
      - → Estonian: vaal
      - → Luxembourgish: Wal
Old Norse: hvalr
- Icelandic: hvalur
- Faroese: hvalur
- Norn: hval
- Norwegian Nynorsk: kval
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: kval
- Elfdalian: wal
- Old Swedish: hval
  - Swedish: val
- Scanian: hval
- Old Danish: hwal
  - Danish: hval
    - Norwegian Bokmål: hval
- Gutnish: val
→ Proto-Samic: *fālēs
- Western Samic:
  - Southern Sami: faala
  - Ume Sami:
  - Pite Sami: fáles
  - Lule Sami: sváles (?)
  - Northern Sami: fális
- Eastern Samic:
  - Inari Sami: fäälis
  - Skolt Sami: vääʹles
  - Kildin Sami: ва̄лесь (vāl’es’)
  - Ter Sami: valesʹ
- → Finnish: valas
- Southern Sami: faelies

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kʷálos (“large fish, sheatfish”), from the same source as Etymology 1.

Noun

*hwalaz n

sheatfish

Inflection

Declension of *hwalaz (z-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hwalaz	*hwalizō
vocative	*hwalaz	*hwalizō
accusative	*hwalaz	*hwalizō
genitive	*hwaliziz	*hwalizǫ̂
dative	*hwalizi	*hwalizumaz
instrumental	*hwalizē	*hwalizumiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hwal, *hwaliʀu n or m
- Old Saxon: *hwels
  - Middle Low German: wels, wils m
    - German Low German: Wels
- Old Dutch: *wels
  - Middle Dutch: *wels, wils m
    - Dutch: wels
- Old High German: *wals, *wels
  - Middle High German: wels m
    - German: Wels
⇒ Proto-West Germanic: *hwalʀā f (< *hwalizǭ)
- Old Saxon: *hwalra
  - Middle Low German: walre
- Old High German: walra, walira
  - Middle High German: walre
    - German: Waler (archaic), Waller

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hwali-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 262

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hwali-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 262

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