Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gandaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰen- (“to beat, to slay”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑn.dɑz/

Noun

*gandaz m(North Germanic)

a witch's familiar; evil, foul spirit

Inflection

Declension of *gandaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*gandaz	gandōz, gandōs
vocative	*gand	gandōz, gandōs
accusative	*gandą	*gandanz
genitive	gandas, gandis	*gandǫ̂
dative	*gandai	*gandamaz
instrumental	*gandō	*gandamiz

Descendants

Proto-Norse: *ᚷᚨᚾᛞᚨᛉ (*gandaʀ)
- ⇒ Proto-Norse: ᚢᚾᚷᚨᚾᛞᛁᛉ (ungandiʀ, “unsorcered, not bewitched”)
- Old Norse: gandr, gandʀ
  - Faroese: gandur (“black magic”)
    - Faroese: gan- (“black magic”) (in gankona)
  - Icelandic: gandur (“a riding animal; (archaic) a wolf, a dangerous beast”)
    - Icelandic: gan- (“black magic”) (in ganfluga)
    - ⇒? Icelandic: gandal- (in gandalfar, “witchcraft-travel”)
  - Norn: *gandr (“black magic; galder”)
    - → Scots: (Shetland) gander (“noisy speech, figurative squawking speech; strong loud wind; nausea, heartache; bewitchment”)
    - ⇒? Scots: ganfer, gamfer (“ghost, spook; supernatural phenomenon; atmospheric sign”) (from gandferð, “magic travel”?; compare dialectal Norwegian gannfar, gandferd)
      - → English: ganfer (“type of ghost”)
  - Norwegian: gand, gann, gan (“black magic”)
  - Old Swedish: gander, gand, gan
    - Swedish: (old/dialectal) gand, gan, gane- (“black magic”)
      - → Southern Sami: gane- (“black magic”) (in gane-čurek, compare Swedish ganfluga)
  - → Latin: gandus
  - ⇒ Old Norse: Jǫrmungandr