Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/flōkaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂g-^[1] or *pleh₂k- (“to beat, strike”).^[2] Kroonen argues there is no need to reconstruct *pleh₂g- in Proto-Indo-European, in which case the 'k' was restored to *flōk- by analogy with the iterative derived from it. Cognate with Ancient Greek πλήσσω (plḗssō, “to strike”), Latin plangō (“to strike”), Old Church Slavonic плакати (plakati, “to beat one's breast; to lament”).^[3]^[4]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸlɔː.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*flōkaną^[3]

to beat, strike
to lament

Inflection

Conjugation of *flōkaną (strong class 7e)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*flōkō	*flōkaų	—	*flōkai	?
2nd singular	*flōkizi	*flōkaiz	*flōk	*flōkazai	*flōkaizau
3rd singular	*flōkidi	*flōkai	*flōkadau	*flōkadai	*flōkaidau
1st dual	*flōkōz	*flōkaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*flōkadiz	*flōkaidiz	*flōkadiz	—	—
1st plural	*flōkamaz	*flōkaim	—	*flōkandai	*flōkaindau
2nd plural	*flōkid	*flōkaid	*flōkid	*flōkandai	*flōkaindau
3rd plural	*flōkandi	*flōkain	*flōkandau	*flōkandai	*flōkaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*feflōk	*feflōkį̄
2nd singular	*feflōht	*feflōkīz
3rd singular	*feflōk	*feflōkī
1st dual	*feflōkū	*feflōkīw
2nd dual	*feflōkudiz	*feflōkīdiz
1st plural	*feflōkum	*feflōkīm
2nd plural	*feflōkud	*feflōkīd
3rd plural	*feflōkun	*feflōkīn

	present	past
participles	*flōkandz	*flōkanaz

Related terms

*flakkōną
*fluggōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *flōkan
- Old English: flōcan (“to clap (one's hands together)”)
- Old Frisian: *flōka (only urflōkin (“cursed”, past participle) attested)
  - West Frisian: flokke, floke (“to curse”)
- Old Saxon: flōkan (“to curse”)
  - Middle Low German: vlôken
    - Low German: floken, flöken
- Old Dutch: *fluokan
  - Middle Dutch: vloeken (“to curse”)
    - Dutch: vloeken
      - Afrikaans: vloek
- Old High German: -fluohhan
  - Middle High German: vluochen (“to curse”)
    - German: fluchen
    - Luxembourgish: fluchen
    - Vilamovian: fłücha
⇒ Old Norse: flókinn (“complicated; matted”) (< past participle *flōkanaz)
- Icelandic: flókinn
- Norwegian Nynorsk: floken
Gothic: 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌺𐌰𐌽 (flōkan, “to lament, mourn”)

References

^ see Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pleh₂g-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 484
^ see ibidem “*pleh₂k-”, page 485
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*flōkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 148
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970), “FLŌK-A- ‘schlagen’ (?)”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 85) (in German), Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 205-6

[1] see Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*pleh₂g-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 484

[2] see ibidem “*pleh₂k-”, page 485

[EDPG-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*flōkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 148

[4] Seebold, Elmar (1970), “FLŌK-A- ‘schlagen’ (?)”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 85) (in German), Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 205-6

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