Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brekaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to break”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbre.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*brekaną^[1]^[2]^[3]

to break

Inflection

Conjugation of *brekaną (strong class 4)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*brekō	*brekaų	—	*brekai	?
2nd singular	*brikizi	*brekaiz	*brek	*brekazai	*brekaizau
3rd singular	*brikidi	*brekai	*brekadau	*brekadai	*brekaidau
1st dual	*brekōz	*brekaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*brekadiz	*brekaidiz	*brekadiz	—	—
1st plural	*brekamaz	*brekaim	—	*brekandai	*brekaindau
2nd plural	*brikid	*brekaid	*brikid	*brekandai	*brekaindau
3rd plural	*brekandi	*brekain	*brekandau	*brekandai	*brekaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*brak	*brēkį̄
2nd singular	*braht	*brēkīz
3rd singular	*brak	*brēkī
1st dual	*brēkū	*brēkīw
2nd dual	*brēkudiz	*brēkīdiz
1st plural	*brēkum	*brēkīm
2nd plural	*brēkud	*brēkīd
3rd plural	*brēkun	*brēkīn

	present	past
participles	*brekandz	*brukanaz

Derived terms

*brēkiz
*bruhtiz
*brukiz
*brukulaz
*frabrekaną

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *brekan
- Old English: brecan
  - Middle English: breken, brake, breek, brek, breke, breyken, breoken (AB language)
    - English: break
    - Middle Scots: brek, breke
      - Scots: brack, breck, brak, brek
    - Yola: brough, brocke, brek
- Old Frisian: breka
  - North Frisian:
    Föhr-Amrum: breeg
    Helgoland and Sylt: breek
    Mooring: breege
  - Saterland Frisian: breke
  - West Frisian: brekke
- Old Saxon: brekan
  - Middle Low German: breken
    - Low German: breken
    - Plautdietsch: bräakjen
    - → Danish: brække
    - → Norwegian Bokmål: brekke
    - → Swedish: bräcka
- Old Dutch: brekan, *brecan
  - Middle Dutch: brēken
    - Dutch: breken
    - Limburgish: braeke
- Old High German: brëhhan
  - Middle High German: brëchen
    - German: brechen
    - Luxembourgish: briechen
    - Rhine Franconian:
      Pennsylvania German: breche
    - Yiddish: ברעכן (brekhn)
- → Franco-Provençal: breyér
  Bressan: brayë
  Fribourgeois: brêyi
- → Old French: broiier (see there for further descendants)
Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌺𐌰𐌽 (brikan)
- → Asturian: bregar
- → Catalan: bregar
- → Galician: breigar
- →? Italian: brigare, briga
  - → Serbo-Croatian:
    Cyrillic script: бри̏га
    Latin script: brȉga
    - → Bulgarian: брига (briga)
  - → Slovene: briga, brigati
- → Portuguese: brigar
  - Papiamentu: bringa
  - → Hunsrik: brike
- → Spanish: bregar
- → Venetan: sbregar

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*brekan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 75
^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*brekanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 55
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970), “BREK-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 85) (in German), Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 132

[Kroonen-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*brekan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 75

[Orel-2] Vladimir Orel (2003), “*brekanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 55

[Seebold-3] Seebold, Elmar (1970), “BREK-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series Practica; 85) (in German), Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 132

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