Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bardaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Derived from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰéh₂ (“beard”).^[1]

The change from a feminine first declension pattern to a masculine short a-stem is analogous; a more etymologically accurate descendant would be something like "bardō."

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbɑr.ðɑz/

Noun

*bardaz m^[2]

beard

Inflection

Declension of *bardaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*bardaz	bardōz, bardōs
vocative	*bard	bardōz, bardōs
accusative	*bardą	*bardanz
genitive	bardas, bardis	*bardǫ̂
dative	*bardai	*bardamaz
instrumental	*bardō	*bardamiz

Derived terms

*bardalausaz
*bardǭ, *bardō (perhaps)
*langabardaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *bard
- Old English: beard
  - Middle English: berd, bard, bærd, beord, burd
    - English: beard
    - Middle Scots: beird, berd, baird
      - Scots: berd, berde, beird
    - Yola: bearde
    - → Anglo-Norman: berd
    - →⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)
- Old Frisian: *bard, berd
  - North Frisian:
    Föhr-Amrum: biard
  - West Frisian: burd
- Old Saxon: bard
  - Middle Low German: bart
    - German Low German: Baart
    - Westphalian
      - Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Bårt
      - Vest Recklinghausen: Bart
      - Westmünsterländisch: Baord, Buord, Burd
    - Plautdietsch: Boat
    - → Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
    - → Saterland Frisian: Boart
- Old Dutch: *bart
  - Middle Dutch: bāert
    - Dutch: baard
      - Afrikaans: baard
      - Negerhollands: baard
        → Virgin Islands Creole: bad (archaic)
      - → Norwegian Nynorsk: barde
      - → West Frisian: baard
    - Limburgish: baerd
- Old High German: bart
  - Middle High German: bart
    - Alemannic German: Baart
    - Bavarian: Bårt
    - Central Franconian:
      Hunsrik: Baart
      Luxembourgish: Baart
    - East Central German:
      Upper Saxon German:
      Vilamovian: biöet, biöt
    - East Franconian:
    - German: Bart
      - → Norwegian: bart
    - Rhine Franconian: Bat, Bart
      Frankfurterisch: [b̥ɑːt], (older) [b̥ɔːt]
      Pennsylvania German: Baart
    - Yiddish: באָרד (bord)
Old Norse: barð n (< *barðą)
- Danish: barde
- Icelandic: barð
- Norwegian Bokmål: bard m
- Norwegian Nynorsk: bard, barde
- Swedish: bard, bård
Crimean Gothic: bars

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*barzda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 54
^ Vladimir Orel (2003), “*bardaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 36

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*barzda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 54

[HGE-2] Vladimir Orel (2003), “*bardaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 36

[1]

[2]