Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ēnu

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*ēnō, *ēnau, *inō
*enu, *ēneu^[1]

Etymology

Dunkel reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *énu (“along, after”) for Gothic and lengthened grade *ḗnu for North and West Germanic.^[2] Kroonen derives Alemannic and Cimbrian from *ēneu and unites this with the forms *ēnu and *enu by positing a Proto-Indo-European u-stem noun *h₂ḗn-u, loc. *h₂n-éw, from *h₂en- (“to scoop”),^[3] which could also explain Ancient Greek ἄνευ (áneu).^[1]

Preposition

*ēnu

(with instrumental) without

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *ānu
- Old Frisian: ōne, ōni
- Old Saxon: āno
  - Middle Low German: âne, ân
    - Low German: ahn
    - German Low German: ahn, ahnto
- Old Dutch: *āna
  - Middle Dutch: ane, an, on
    - ⇒ Middle Dutch: ane dancs, ondancs
      - Dutch: ondanks
      - Limburgish: óndanks, óndanx
- Old High German: āno, ānu, āna, āne
  - Middle High German: âne, ân
    - Alemannic German: ooni, ohni, ouni
    - Bavarian:
      - Cimbrian: ane
    - Central Franconian: ohne, ohni, ohnt
      - Luxembourgish: ouni
    - East Central German: ohne
      - Vilamovian: ona
    - German: ohne
    - Yiddish: אָן (on)
Proto-Norse: *ᚨᚾᚢ (*anu /⁠ānu⁠/)
- Old Norse: án, ón
  - Icelandic: án
  - Faroese: ón
  - → Middle English: *on, on-
    - English: on, ohn
    - Scots: on-, ohn-
Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌿 (inu), 𐌹𐌽𐌿𐌷 (inuh) (< Proto-Germanic *enu)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*ē̆nu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 118
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 241
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 266

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*ē̆nu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 118

[2] Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 241

[3] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 266

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