Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þankijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *tong-éye-ti, causative of *teng- (“to think, feel, perceive, know”). Cognate with Latin tongeō (“know”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈθɑŋ.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þankijaną^[2]

to perceive, to think

Inflection

Conjugation of *þankijaną (weak class 1 j-present)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*þankijō	*þankijaų	—	*þankijai	?
2nd singular	*þankīsi	*þankijais	*þankī	*þankijasai	*þankijaisau
3rd singular	*þankīþi	*þankijai	*þankijaþau	*þankijaþai	*þankijaiþau
1st dual	*þankijōs	*þankijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þankijaþiz	*þankijaiþiz	*þankijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*þankijamaz	*þankijaim	—	*þankijanþai	*þankijainþau
2nd plural	*þankīþ	*þankijaiþ	*þankīþ	*þankijanþai	*þankijainþau
3rd plural	*þankijanþi	*þankijain	*þankijanþau	*þankijanþai	*þankijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þanhtǭ	*þanhtēdį̄
2nd singular	*þanhtēz	*þanhtēdīz
3rd singular	*þanhtē	*þanhtēdī
1st dual	*þanhtēdū	*þanhtēdīw
2nd dual	*þanhtēdudiz	*þanhtēdīdiz
1st plural	*þanhtēdum	*þanhtēdīm
2nd plural	*þanhtēdud	*þanhtēdīd
3rd plural	*þanhtēdun	*þanhtēdīn

	present	past
participles	*þankijandz	*þankidaz

Derived terms

*biþankijaną

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *þankijan
- Old English: þenċan, þenċean
  - Middle English: thinken, thenchen, thenken, thynken, thinke, think
    - English: think
    - Scots: think, thynk
- Old Frisian: thenka
  - North Frisian: teenk, taanke, tanke, tånke
  - Saterland Frisian: toanke
  - West Frisian: tinke
- Old Saxon: thenkian
  - Middle Low German: denken
    - Low German: denken, dinken
    - Plautdietsch: denkjen
    - → Old Norse: þenkja
      - Icelandic: þenkja
      - Faroese: teinkja
      - Norwegian Nynorsk: tenke, tenka, tenkje, tenkja
      - Norwegian Bokmål: tenke
      - Old Swedish: þænkia
        Swedish: tänka
      - Old Danish: thænkæ
        Danish: tænke
      - Elfdalian: taintja
      - Gutnish: tänke
      - Scanian: tæńḱa
    - → Polabian: denkot
- Old Dutch: thenken
  - Middle Dutch: denken
    - Dutch: denken, (dialectal) dinken
      - Afrikaans: dink, denk
      - Jersey Dutch: dänke
      - Negerhollands: denk, dink, diṅk, diṅg, diṅ
      - → Aukan: denki
      - → Sranan Tongo: denki
        → Caribbean Javanese: dèngki
        → Saramaccan: tínga
    - Limburgish: dinke
- Old High German: denken, thenken
  - Middle High German: denken
    - Alemannic German: tenke
    - Bavarian:
      Cimbrian: dénkhan
      Mòcheno: denken
    - German: denken
    - Yiddish: דענקען (denken)
Old Norse: þekkja
- Icelandic: þekkja
- Faroese: tekkja
Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (þagkjan)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þankjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 533-4
^ Vladimir Orel (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 416

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*þankjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 533-4

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 416

[1]

[2]