Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kostudak
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
Probably from *kostadak (“to turn back”) + *-udak.
Verb
*kostudak (stem *kostu-)[1]
- The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
Inflection
Inflection of *kostudak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *kostun | *kostuin | — | *kostugon |
| 2nd sing. | *kostut | *kostuit | *kostuk | *kostugos |
| 3rd sing. | *kostubi *kostu |
*kostui | *kostugasën | *kostugosën |
| 1st plur. | *kostukma | *kostuima | *kostugatëma | *kostugotëma |
| 2nd plur. | *kostukta | *kostuida | *kostugata | *kostugotta |
| 3rd plur. | *kostubat *kostu |
*kostui | *kostugasën | *kostugosën |
| passive | *kostuksën *kostut'aksën |
*kostudisën *kostuttisën |
*kostudakahën *kostuttakahën |
*kostudakohën *kostuttakohën |
| connegative | *kostuk | — | *kostugak | *kostugok |
| passive connegative | *kostuktak | — | *kostudagak *kostuttagak |
*kostudagok *kostuttagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *kostukcin | *kostuicin | *kostunën | |
| 2nd sing. | *kostukcit | *kostuicit | *kostunët | |
| 3rd sing. | *kostukci | *kostuici | *kostuni | |
| 1st plur. | *kostukcima | *kostuicima | *kostunëma | |
| 2nd plur. | *kostukcita | *kostuicita | *kostunëta | |
| 3rd plur. | *kostukci | *kostuici | *kostuni | |
| passive | *kostudakcihën *kostut'akcihën |
*kostudicihën *kostutticihën |
*kostudanëhën *kostuttanëhën | |
| connegative | *kostukcik | *kostuicik | *kostunëk | |
| passive connegative | *kostudakcik *kostut'akcik |
*kostudicik *kostutticik |
*kostudanëk *kostuttanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *kostudak | present | *kostuba | *kostudapa *kostuttapa |
| infinitive 2 | *kostudë- | past | *kostunut | *kostudu *kostuttu |
| gerund/supine | *kostuma | negative | *kostumat'oin | |
| action noun | *kostuminën | |||
Descendants
- Estonian: kostuma/kostuda (“to thaw”)
- Finnish: kostua (“to get moist/damp/wet”)
- → Inari Sami: kostâđ
- → Northern Sami: goastat
- Karelian:
- North Karelian: kostuo (“to get moist/damp/wet”)
- South Karelian: kostuo (“to get moist/damp/wet”)
- Livonian: kuostõ (“to improve, get better”)
- Livvi: kostuo (“to get moist/damp/wet”)
- Veps: kostuda (“to thaw”)
- Võro: kostuma/kostudaq (“to thaw”)
References
Further reading
- “kostuma”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012
- Erkki Itkonen, Ulla-Maija Kulonen, editors (1992–2000), “kostua”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words][2] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN