Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/karcidak
Proto-Finnic
Etymology
From earlier *karti-, probably borrowed from Proto-Germanic *skardijaną, or alternatively from Baltic (compare Lithuanian skardyti).[1]
Verb
*karcidak (stem *karci-)
Inflection
Inflection of *karcidak
| Note: The Proto-Finnic conjugation system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | ||||
| present | past | imperative | optative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | *karcin | *karcëjin | — | *karcigon |
| 2nd sing. | *karcit | *karcëjit | *karcik | *karcigos |
| 3rd sing. | *karcibi *karci |
*karcëji | *karcigasën | *karcigosën |
| 1st plur. | *karcikma | *karcëjima | *karcigatëma | *karcigotëma |
| 2nd plur. | *karcikta | *karcëjita | *karcigata | *karcigotta |
| 3rd plur. | *karcibat *karci |
*karcëji | *karcigasën | *karcigosën |
| passive | *karciksën *karcit'aksën |
*karcidisën *karcittisën |
*karcidakahën *karcittakahën |
*karcidakohën *karcittakohën |
| connegative | *karcik | — | *karcigak | *karcigok |
| passive connegative | *karciktak | — | *karcidagak *karcittagak |
*karcidagok *karcittagok |
| conditional 1 | conditional 2 | potential | ||
| 1st sing. | *karcikcin | *karcëjicin | *karcinën | |
| 2nd sing. | *karcikcit | *karcëjicit | *karcinët | |
| 3rd sing. | *karcikci | *karcëjici | *karcini | |
| 1st plur. | *karcikcima | *karcëjicima | *karcinëma | |
| 2nd plur. | *karcikcita | *karcëjicida | *karcinëta | |
| 3rd plur. | *karcikci | *karcëjici | *karcini | |
| passive | *karcidakcihën *karcit'akcihën |
*karcidicihën *karcitticihën |
*karcidanëhën *karcittanëhën | |
| connegative | *karcikcik | *karcëjicik | *karcinëk | |
| passive connegative | *karcidakcik *karcit'akcik |
*karcidicik *karcitticik |
*karcidanëk *karcittanëk | |
| non-finite forms | infinitives/nouns | participles | ||
| active | passive | |||
| infinitive 1 | *karcidak | present | *karciba | *karcidapa *karcittapa |
| infinitive 2 | *karcidë- | past | *karcinut | *karcidu *karcittu |
| gerund/supine | *karcima | negative | *karcimat'oin | |
| action noun | *karciminën | |||
Descendants
- Estonian: (dialectal) karsima/karsida
- Finnish: karsia
- → Inari Sami: karssâđ
- → Skolt Sami: karssâd
- → Northern Sami: gársat
- Ingrian: karsia
- Karelian:
- North Karelian: karsie
- South Karelian: karzie
- Livvi: karzie, kuarzie
- Ludian: karžida, kuarzida
- Veps: karsta
- Votic: karsia
References
Further reading
- Erkki Itkonen, Ulla-Maija Kulonen, editors (1992–2000), “karsia”, in Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words][2] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN