Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/kakci

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Proto-Finnic cardinal numbers
 <  1 2 3  > 
    Cardinal : *kakci
    Ordinal : *toinën

Etymology

From Proto-Uralic *kakta ~ *käktä.[1]

There are two explanations for the phonetic development. The first is that the final vowel was modified (*kakta > *kakte) by analogy with *ükci (< *ükte), while the other posits that it is regular from *käktä (compare *talvi < *tälwä, *vaski < ? *wäśkä).

Numeral

*kakci[2]

  1. two

Inflection

Inflection of *kakci
Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
singular plural
nominative *kakci *kaktët
accusative *kaktën *kaktët
genitive *kaktën *kaktën
*kakcidën
partitive *kakta *kakcida
inessive *kaktëssa
*kaktëhna 		*kakcissa
*kakcihna
elative *kaktësta *kakcista
illative *kaktëhën *kakcihën
adessive *kaktëlla *kakcilla
ablative *kaktëlta *kakcilta
allative *kaktëlën
*kaktëlëk 		*kakcilën
*kakcilëk
essive *kaktëna *kakcina
translative *kaktëksi *kakciksi
instructive *kaktën *kakcin
comitative *kaktënëk *kakcinëk
abessive *kaktëtta *kakcitta

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Estonian: kaks
  • Finnish: kaksi
  • Ingrian: kaks
  • Karelian:
  • Livonian: kakš, (Salaca) kaks
  • Livvi: kaksi
  • Ludian: kaksʹ
  • Veps: kaksʹ
  • Võro: katś
  • Votic: kahs, kahsi

References

  1. ^ Santeri Junttila, Petri Kallio, Sampsa Holopainen, Juha Kuokkala, Juho Pystynen, editors (2020–), “kaksi”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja‎[1] (in Finnish), retrieved 4 August 2025
  2. ^ Kallio, Petri (2020–), “*kakci”, in Yhteissuomalainen sanasto [Common Finnic Vocabulary]‎[2] (in Finnish)
  • Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004), Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN
  • Erkki Itkonen, Ulla-Maija Kulonen, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The Origin of Finnish Words]‎[3] (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
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