Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-n

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology 1

      Conflated:

      Suffix

      *-n

      1. Genitive ending.
      2. Accusative singular ending.
      Descendants
      • Estonian: (genitive case; transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)
      • Finnish: -n
      • Ingrian: -n
      • Karelian:
        • North Karelian: -n
        • South Karelian: -n
      • Livonian: (genitive case; transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)
      • Livvi: -n
      • Ludian: -n
      • Veps: -n
      • Võro: (genitive case; transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)
      • Votic: (genitive case; transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)

      Etymology 2

        Probably a Finnic development from the genitive ending (see *-n).

        Suffix

        *-n

        1. Instructive case ending.
        Descendants
        • Finnish: -n
        • Ingrian: -n
        • Karelian:
          • North Karelian: -n
          • South Karelian: -n

        Etymology 3

          From Proto-Uralic *-m.

          Suffix

          *-n

          1. First-person singular verb ending.
          Usage notes
          • Attached after a tense or mood marker, except in the present indicative, where it attaches directly to the verb stem.
          Descendants
          • Estonian: -n
          • Finnish: -n
          • Ingrian: -n
          • Karelian:
            • North Karelian: -n
            • South Karelian: -n
          • Livvi: -n
          • Ludian: -n
          • Veps: -n
          • Võro: (transphonologized and exhibited by a stem change)
          • Votic: -n

          Further reading

          • Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.
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