Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-ko-

This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Etymology

Probably related to *-k ~ *-ka- (imperative ending). The exact morphology remains unclear, however.

Infix

*-ko-

  1. Imperative?/jussive?/optative? mood marker in the third person.
    Synonym: *-ka-

Descendants

Always followed by another suffix in descendants, and it is not always clear what the suffix is; all examples below are derived. Unless otherwise specified, these are third-person singular forms.

  • Estonian: -ku, -gu (e.g. olgu, joogu, andku)
  • Finnish: -koon (e.g. olkoon, juokoon, antakoon) (probably < *-ko-hën)
  • Ingrian: -koo (e.g. olkoo, jookoo, antakoo)
  • >? Livonian: -gõ, -g, -õg, -kkõ, -kõ (e.g. vȯlkõ, jūogõ, āndag)
  • Võro: -kuq/-guq (e.g. olkuq, jooguq, andkuq)
  • Votic: -ko/-go (e.g. õlko, juuko, antõgo)

Further reading

  • Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.
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