Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/-in
Proto-Finnic
Etymology 1
From Proto-Uralic *-ma, which was originally a diminutive suffix. For the development *-ma > *-jmi, see etymology 2 for details; *-in derives regularly from this with apocope (when followed by an unstressed syllable, e.g. with three syllables) and regular final *m > *n. Disyllabic words have not undergone the apocope (see *loimi, *seimi and possibly *toimi).
Suffix
*-in
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating instruments (tools) are used to perform that verb's action.
- Forms some diminutive nouns.
Inflection
Inflection of *-in
| Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | |||
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-in | *-imet | |
| accusative | *-imen | *-imet | |
| genitive | *-imen | *-inden *-imiden | |
| partitive | *-intä | *-imitä | |
| inessive | *-imessä *-imehnä |
*-imissä *-imihnä | |
| elative | *-imestä | *-imistä | |
| illative | *-imesen | *-imisen | |
| adessive | *-imellä | *-imillä | |
| ablative | *-imeltä | *-imiltä | |
| allative | *-imelen *-imelek |
*-imilen *-imilek | |
| essive | *-imenä | *-iminä | |
| translative | *-imeksi | *-imiksi | |
| instructive | *-imen | *-imin | |
| comitative | *-imenek | *-iminek | |
| abessive | *-imettä | *-imittä | |
Derived terms
Proto-Finnic terms suffixed with *-in (instrumental)
Descendants
Etymology 2
From earlier *-jmi < *-ma, through a change in the final vowel as in *-pi and *-mpi, and epenthesis.[1] The final vowel was eventually elided. Ultimately from Proto-Uralic *-ma.
Suffix
*-in
- Superlative suffix.
Inflection
Inflection of *-in
| Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility. | |||
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *-in | *-imet | |
| accusative | *-imen | *-imet | |
| genitive | *-imen | *-inden *-imiden | |
| partitive | *-intä | *-imitä | |
| inessive | *-imessä *-imehnä |
*-imissä *-imihnä | |
| elative | *-imestä | *-imistä | |
| illative | *-imesen | *-imisen | |
| adessive | *-imellä | *-imillä | |
| ablative | *-imeltä | *-imiltä | |
| allative | *-imelen *-imelek |
*-imilen *-imilek | |
| essive | *-imenä | *-iminä | |
| translative | *-imeksi | *-imiksi | |
| instructive | *-imen | *-imin | |
| comitative | *-imenek | *-iminek | |
| abessive | *-imettä | *-imittä | |
In some descendants, later reformed by influence with the inflected forms of the comparative ending *-mpi (stem *-mpA).
Descendants
- Estonian: -im (no longer usually productive)
- Finnish: -in
- Karelian:
- Livvi: -in
- Veps: -im (no longer productive)
References
- ^ Kallio, Petri. The non-initial-syllable vowel reductions from Proto-Uralic to Proto-Finnic. Per Urales ad Orientem (SUST 264). Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, Helsinki. 2012
Further reading
- Hakulinen, Lauri. 1941–2000. Suomen kielen rakenne ja kehitys ('The Structure and Development of the Finnish Language'). Helsinki: Otava/Helsingin yliopisto.