Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/wrigants

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Alternative forms

Etymology

Unknown. Pokorny suggests Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis (“worm”),[3] but Matasović dismisses the similarity as “probably accidental” and instead suggests a non-Indo-European substrate.[1][4]

Alternatively, the linguist Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel derives the term from Proto-Indo-European *wṛgʰ-ṇt-, which is itself—according to Stempel—from the root *wrengʰ-, whence also Proto-Germanic *wringaną.[2] The linguist Joseph Lionel postulates a similar process as that of Stempel, though he reconstructs a root *wergʰ-, which he suggests is also seen in Middle Welsh gwre.[5]

Less supported possibilities include Proto-Indo-European *werg- (“to suffer”)[6] and *wreyḱ- (“to bend, twist”).

Noun

*wrigants f

  1. vermin

Inflection

Masculine/feminine consonant stem
singular dual plural
nominative *wrigants *wrigante *wrigantes
vocative *wrigants *wrigante *wrigantes
accusative *wrigantam *wrigante *wrigantans
genitive *wrigantos *wrigantou *wrigantom
dative *wrigantei *wrigantobom *wrigantobos
locative *wriganti — —
instrumental *wrigante? *wrigantobim *wrigantobis

Descendants

  • Proto-Brythonic: *gwreɣ
    • Middle Breton: gruech (with devoicing due to secondary strengthening)[7]
      • Breton: gwrec'h
    • Middle Welsh: gwre
      • Welsh: gwreinyn, gwraint
  • Middle Irish: frige (“flesh-worm”), frigde
    • Irish: fríd
    • Scottish Gaelic: frìde (“a ringworm”)
  • → Latin: (Gallo-Latin) brigantēs

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*wrig(g)ant-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 430
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (2023), “Revisiting the Celtic nasal sonorants”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics‎[1], volume 136, →ISSN, page 72
  3. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1152
  4. ^ Matasović, Ranko (1 February 2012), “The substratum in Insular Celtic”, in Journal of Language Relationship‎[2], volume 8, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 157
  5. ^ Joseph, Lionel S. (2023), “Old Irish Námae 'Enemy' and the Celtic NT-Stems”, in Ériu‎[3], volume 73, number 1, →ISSN, pages 13-14
  6. ^ MacBain, Alexander; Mackay, Eneas (1911), “frìde”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language‎[4], Stirling, →ISBN, page 181
  7. ^ Stifter, David (2023), “The rise of gemination in Celtic”, in Open Research Europe‎[5], volume 3, number 24, →DOI, page 23
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