Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/dīreiyom

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From *dī- +‎ *rei- (“to sell”) +‎ *-om (verbal noun suffix).

Noun

*dīreiyom n[1]

  1. (law) fine, penalty to be paid

Reconstruction notes

All three root ablaut grades have been reconstructed for this term, but Schumacher's reconstruction *dīreiyom in the e-grade (endorsed by Zair) is to be preferred since it accounts for both the Irish palatalized -r- and the Welsh final -wy at the same time. The o-grade *dīroyom mainly fits the Welsh but is incompatible with the Irish (additionally *-om generally does not take the o-grade anyway), and zero-grade *dīriyom fits the Irish but cannot explain the Welsh.

Inflection

Neuter o-stem
singular dual plural
nominative *dīreiyom *dīreiyou *dīreiyā
vocative *dīreiyom *dīreiyou *dīreiyā
accusative *dīreiyom *dīreiyou *dīreiyā
genitive *dīreiyī *dīreiyous *dīreiyom
dative *dīreiyūi *dīreiyobom *dīreiyobos
locative *dīreiyei *? *?
instrumental *dīreiyū *dīreiyobim *dīreiyūis

Alternative reconstructions

Descendants

  • Brittonic:
    • Middle Welsh: diruy, dyruy, dyrwy
  • Old Irish: díre

References

  1. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 217
  2. ^ Peter C. H. Schrijver (1995), Studies in British Celtic Historical Phonology (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 5), Amsterdam; Atlanta, Ga.: Rodopi, pages 289-291.
  3. ^ Stüber, Karin (2015), “*rina-”, in Die Verbalabstrakta des Altirischen (in German), page 510
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