Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/bwiyeti
Proto-Celtic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-yé-ti (“to grow, become”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φῡ́ομαι (phū́omai, “to grow”), Latin fīō (“to become”) and English be.
Verb
*bwiyeti[1]
Reconstruction notes
It is possible that the development within Proto-Celtic was *biyeti < *bwiyeti < *buyeti, Zair prefers the simpler *biyeti < *buyeti. He rejects the counter-evidence to this provided by Welsh ysbyddad (“hawthorn”) and the Brythonic word for “duck” (Welsh hwyad, Cornish hos, and Breton houad).
Inflection
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *bwiyū | *bwiyemam | *bibūsū | *bubuwa |
| 2nd singular | *bwiyesi | *bwiyetās | *bibūsesi | *bubuwas? |
| 3rd singular | *bwiyeti | *bwiyeto | *bibūseti | *bubuwe |
| 1st plural | *bwiyomosi | *bwiyemo | *bibūsomosi | *bubuwmo |
| 2nd plural | *bwiyetesi | *bwiyestē | *bibūsetesi | *bubuwe |
| 3rd plural | *bwiyonti | *bwiyento | *bibūsonti | *bubuwars |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *buwū | ? | — | |
| 2nd singular | *buwesi | ? | *bwiye | |
| 3rd singular | *buweti | ? | *bwiyetou | |
| 1st plural | *buwomosi | ? | *bwiyomos | |
| 2nd plural | *buwetesi | ? | *bwiyete | |
| 3rd plural | *buwonti | ? | *bwiyontou | |
| Passive voice | ||||
| Present | Imperfect | Future | Preterite | |
| 1st singular | *bwiyūr | — | *bibūsūr | *bubuwra |
| 2nd singular | *bwiyetar | — | *bibūsetar | *bubuwras? |
| 3rd singular | *bwiyetor | ? | *bibūsetor | *bubuwre |
| 1st plural | *bwiyommor | — | *bibūsommor | ? |
| 2nd plural | *bwiyedwe | — | *bibūsedwe | ? |
| 3rd plural | *bwiyontor | ? | *bibūsontor | ? |
| Pres. subjunctive | Past subjunctive | Imperative | ||
| 1st singular | *buwūr | — | — | |
| 2nd singular | *buwetar | — | — | |
| 3rd singular | *buwetor | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *buwommor | — | — | |
| 2nd plural | *buwedwe | — | — | |
| 3rd plural | *buwontor | — | — | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *bwiyonts | *bwiyonte | *bwiyontes |
| vocative | *bwiyonts | *bwiyonte | *bwiyontes |
| accusative | *bwiyontam | *bwiyonte | *bwiyontans |
| genitive | *bwiyantos | *? | *bwiyantom |
| dative | *bwiyantei | *bwiyantbom | *bwiyantbos |
| instrumental | *bwiyantī? | *bwiyantbim | *bwiyantbis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *bwiyantī | *bwiyantī | *bwiyantiyās |
| vocative | *bwiyantī | *bwiyantī | *bwiyantiyās |
| accusative | *bwiyantīm | *bwiyantī | *bwiyantiyans |
| genitive | *bwiyantyās | *? | *bwiyantyom |
| dative | *bwiyantyāi | *bwiyantyābom | *bwiyantyābos |
| instrumental | *? | *bwiyantyābim | *bwiyantyābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *bwiyont | *? | *bwiyonta |
| vocative | *bwiyont | *? | *bwiyonta |
| accusative | *bwiyont | *? | *bwiyonta |
| genitive | *bwiyantos | *? | *bwiyantom |
| dative | *bwiyantei | *? | *bwiyantbos |
| instrumental | *bwiyantī? | *? | *bwiyantbis |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *bwiyomnos | *bwiyomnou | *bwiyomnoi |
| vocative | *bwiyomne | *bwiyomnou | *bwiyomnoi |
| accusative | *bwiyomnom | *bwiyomnou | *bwiyomnons |
| genitive | *bwiyomnī | *bwiyomnous | *bwiyomnom |
| dative | *bwiyomnūi | *bwiyomnobom | *bwiyomnobos |
| instrumental | *bwiyomnū | *bwiyomnobim | *bwiyomnobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *bwiyomnā | *bwiyomnai | *bwiyomnās |
| vocative | *bwiyomnā | *bwiyomnai | *bwiyomnās |
| accusative | *bwiyomnam | *bwiyomnai | *bwiyomnans |
| genitive | *bwiyomnās | *bwiyomnous | *bwiyomnom |
| dative | *bwiyomnai | *bwiyomnābom | *bwiyomnābos |
| instrumental | *? | *bwiyomnābim | *bwiyomnābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *bwiyomnom | *bwiyomnou | *bwiyomnā |
| vocative | *bwiyomnom | *bwiyomnou | *bwiyomnā |
| accusative | *bwiyomnom | *bwiyomnou | *bwiyomnā |
| genitive | *bwiyomnī | *bwiyomnous | *bwiyomnom |
| dative | *bwiyomnūi | *bwiyomnobom | *bwiyomnobos |
| instrumental | *bwiyomnū | *bwiyomnobim | *bwiyomnobis |
Alternative reconstructions
- *biyeti[2]
Derived terms
- *du(s)-bwiy-om
- *su-bwiy-om
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: *bɨðɨd
- Gaulish: biiete (2pl.pres.ind./imp.), buetid (3sg. subj.)[1]
- Old Irish: bí (see ·tá for derivatives)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), “Urkelt. *bu̯-ii̯e/o-”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Meid, →ISBN, pages 241-56
- ^ Nicholas Zair (2009), “OIr. biid < *bʰuH-ye/o- and “Hiatus” Verbs”, in Stephanie Jamison, Craig Melcher, Brent Vine, editors, Proceedings of the 20th UCLA Indo-European Conference: Los Angeles 2008[1], Bremen: Hempen Verlag, archived from the original on 24 September 2024, pages 213-20
Further reading
- Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bu-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 85