Reconstruction:Old Chinese/-s

This Old Chinese entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Old Chinese

Reconstruction

  • Old Chinese: *-s (André-Georges Haudricourt, 1954)
  • Old Chinese: *-s₁(Nominize), *-s₂(Perfect aspect), *-s₃(Change verb valency) (Hong Bo, 2009)

Suffix

*-s

  1. Create verb forms of noun
    ‎種 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “Seeds”) + ‎-s → ‎種 (OC *tjoŋs, “To plant”)
    ‎衣 (OC *qɯl, “Clothes”) + ‎-s → ‎衣 (OC *qɯls, “To put on clothes”)
  2. Create noun forms of verbs
    ‎數 (OC *sroʔ, “To count”) + ‎-s → ‎數 (OC *sros, “Numbers”)
  3. Make causative form of verbs
    ‎出 (OC *kʰljud, “To emerge”) + ‎-s → ‎出 (OC *kʰljuds, “To put out”)
    ‎沉 (OC *l'um, “To sink”) + ‎-s → ‎沈 (OC *l'ums, “Submerge in water to sacrifice animal”)
    ‎飲 (OC *qrɯmʔ, “To drink”) + ‎-s → ‎飲 (OC *qrɯms, “To give drink”, literally “To cause someone to drink water”)
  4. Make anticausative form of verbs
    ‎毀 (OC *hmralʔ, “To destroy”) + ‎-s → ‎毀 (OC *hmrals, “To self-destroy”)
  5. Turn direction words into causative verb
    (Can we add an example for this sense?)
  6. Turn adjectives into causative verb
    (Can we add an example for this sense?)
  7. Derive passive forms of verbs
    (Can we add an example for this sense?)
  8. Derive active forms of verbs
    (Can we add an example for this sense?)

References

  • Sun Zhiyang (2006), 《左传》中的使动用法
  • Zhou Fagao (1962), 中國古代語法, pages 63-64
  • Ng Yin Yee (2013). 从频率效应看上古汉语*-s后缀
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