Reconstruction:Latin/gruo

This Latin entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Latin

Etymology

Cognate with Ancient Greek χράω (khráō, “to attack, inflict”), Lithuanian griáuti (“to destroy”), griū́ti (“to crumble”).^[1] De Vaan reconstructs a root *gʰrewH- (“to rush in, attack”), whereas Rix suggests that the term may derive from a zero-grade thematic present *gʰruh₁-é-ti, itself from a root of the shape *gʰreh₁-.^[2]

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈɡru.oː]

Verb

*gruō (present infinitive *gruere, perfect active *gruī); third conjugation, no passive, no supine stem

to rush

Conjugation

Conjugation of *gruō (third conjugation, no passive, no supine stem)

indicative		singular				plural
indicative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	*gruō	*gruis		*gruit	*gruimus	*gruitis		*gruunt
	imperfect	*gruēbam	*gruēbās		*gruēbat	*gruēbāmus	*gruēbātis		*gruēbant
	future	*gruam	*gruēs		*gruet	*gruēmus	*gruētis		*gruent
	perfect	*gruī	*gruistī		*gruit	*gruimus	*gruistis		gruērunt, gruēre
	pluperfect	*grueram	*gruerās		*gruerat	*gruerāmus	*gruerātis		*gruerant
	future perfect	*gruerō	*grueris		*gruerit	*gruerimus	*grueritis		*gruerint
subjunctive		singular				plural
subjunctive		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	*gruam	*gruās		*gruat	*gruāmus	*gruātis		*gruant
	imperfect	*gruerem	*gruerēs		*grueret	*gruerēmus	*gruerētis		*gruerent
	perfect	*gruerim	*gruerīs		*gruerit	*gruerīmus	*gruerītis		*gruerint
	pluperfect	*gruissem	*gruissēs		*gruisset	*gruissēmus	*gruissētis		*gruissent
imperative		singular				plural
imperative		first	second		third	first	second		third
active	present	—	*grue		—	—	*gruite		—
active	future	—	*gruitō		*gruitō	—	*gruitōte		*gruuntō
non-finite forms		infinitive				participle
non-finite forms		active		passive		active		passive
present		*gruere		—		*gruēns		—
perfect		*gruisse		—		—		—
verbal nouns		gerund					supine
		genitive	dative		accusative	ablative	accusative		ablative
		*gruendī	*gruendō		*gruendum	*gruendō	—		—

Derived terms

congruō (“to unite, correspond, agree”)
ingruō (“to attack, assail”)

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-gruō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 274
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 202

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “-gruō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 274

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 202

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