-ген

See also: Appendix:Variations of "gen"

Kazakh

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *-gan. Cognate to Kyrgyz -ган (-gan), Southern Altai -ган (-gan), etc.

Suffix

-ген • (-gen)

  1. Used to form past participles from verbs.
    ‎бару (baru, “to go”) + ‎-ген (-gen) → ‎барған (barğan, “which went”)
  2. Used to form past perfect tense.
    Ол былтыр көшкен.
    Ol byltyr köşken.
    He moved last year.

Usage notes

  • Colloquially, the suffix and the first person ending can get contracted:
    Барғанмын → Барғам
    Көргенмін → Көргем
  • The most common to negate the verb in the past perfect tense is to add жоқ (joq) after it.
    Барғанмын → Барған жоқпын
  • In formal contexts, when it forms a subordinate clause, -дік (-dık) can be optionally added after it.
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