πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ½

Gothic

Etymology

Uncertain; see Lehmann 1986: 265; 332-333 for a more complete overview.

  • The only attested form of this word, πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚ (naiswōr) was read as πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπ… (naiw) by some early scholars, but that reading is now considered to be erroneous and the verb which was hypothesized to exist based on it is now widely considered a ghost word.
  • Some have read the prefix of this word as an alteration or misspelling of 𐌽𐌹 (ni);
  • Others consider the first element to be πŒ½πŒ°πŒΏπƒ (naus, β€œcorpse”), rendering the meaning of the compound as to swear to death, that is, to swear or wish death upon another.
  • Finally, some have read the first element as the prefix 𐌹𐌽- (in-) altered by some means or another, perhaps a scribal mistake. This would make the term an exact calque of Ancient Greek ἐνέχω (enΓ©khō), which this Gothic word happens to translate.

Verb

πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ½ β€’ (naiswaran)

  1. (hapax legomenon) to grudge

Conjugation

Class 6 strong
infinitive πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ½
naiswaran
indicative present past present passive
1st singular πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°
naiswara
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚
naiswōr
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ³πŒ°
naiswarada
2nd singular πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒΉπƒ
naiswaris
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚π„
naiswōrt
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΆπŒ°
naiswaraza
3rd singular πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒΉπŒΈ
naiswariΓΎ
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚
naiswōr
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ³πŒ°
naiswarada
1st dual πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚π‰πƒ
naiswarōs
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚πŒΏ
naiswōru
β€”
2nd dual πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°π„πƒ
naiswarats
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚πŒΏπ„πƒ
naiswōruts
β€”
1st plural πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΌ
naiswaram
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚πŒΏπŒΌ
naiswōrum
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
naiswaranda
2nd plural πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒΉπŒΈ
naiswariΓΎ
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚πŒΏπŒΈ
naiswōruþ
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
naiswaranda
3rd plural πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ½πŒ³
naiswarand
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚πŒΏπŒ½
naiswōrun
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
naiswaranda
subjunctive present past present passive
1st singular πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΏ
naiswarau
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚πŒΎπŒ°πŒΏ
naiswōrjau
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
naiswaraidau
2nd singular πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉπƒ
naiswarais
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
naiswōreis
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉπŒΆπŒ°πŒΏ
naiswaraizau
3rd singular πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉ
naiswarai
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚πŒΉ
naiswōri
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
naiswaraidau
1st dual πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉπ…πŒ°
naiswaraiwa
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚πŒ΄πŒΉπ…πŒ°
naiswōreiwa
β€”
2nd dual πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉπ„πƒ
naiswaraits
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚πŒ΄πŒΉπ„πƒ
naiswōreits
β€”
1st plural πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉπŒΌπŒ°
naiswaraima
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΌπŒ°
naiswōreima
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
naiswaraindau
2nd plural πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉπŒΈ
naiswaraiΓΎ
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
naiswōreiþ
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
naiswaraindau
3rd plural πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ°
naiswaraina
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…π‰π‚πŒ΄πŒΉπŒ½πŒ°
naiswōreina
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
naiswaraindau
imperative
2nd singular πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚
naiswar
3rd singular πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
naiswaradau
2nd dual πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°π„πƒ
naiswarats
2nd plural πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒΉπŒΈ
naiswariΓΎ
3rd plural πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
naiswarandau
present past
participles πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πƒ
naiswarands
πŒ½πŒ°πŒΉπƒπ…πŒ°π‚πŒ°πŒ½πƒ
naiswarans

References

  • Lehmann, Winfred, A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (Leiden 1986)