두루높임

Korean

Etymology

From 두루 (duru, “widely, thoroughly”) +‎ 높임 (nopim, “honorific exaltation”).

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈtu(ː)ɾuno̞pʰim]
  • Phonetic hangul: [두(ː)루노핌]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?durunopim
Revised Romanization (translit.)?dulunop'im
McCune–Reischauer?turunop'im
Yale Romanization?twūlwunoph.im

Noun

두루높임 • (durunopim)

  1. (grammar) polite, 5th speech level in Korean.

Usage notes

두루높임 (durunopim) is a speech level used mainly between strangers, especially those older or of equal age and used in Korean phrase books for foreigners. It is used to convey baseline respect and is generally considered the standard form. Like other speech levels, it is applied to verbs and adjectives to reflect the relationship between the speaker and the audience. It is used both with and without honorifics, which reflect the relationships with the referent of the subject.

Korean words inflected in this speech level are characterized by the suffix -요 (-yo). E.g.:

  • 해요 (haeyo): (non-honorific) "does"
  • 하세요 (haseyo): (honorific) "please do"
  • 했어요 (haesseoyo): (non-honorific) "did"

See also

(Other speech levels)

Synonyms

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