鴻蒙

Chinese

		great; large	ignorant; benighted
trad. (鴻蒙/鴻濛)		鴻	蒙/濛
simp. (鸿蒙)		鸿	蒙
濛: "misty"　鴻濛: "Vast Mist"

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hóngméng

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄇㄥˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hóngméng
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˊ ㄇㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hóngméng
  - Wade–Giles: hung²-mêng²
  - Yale: húng-méng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: horngmeng
  - Palladius: хунмэн (xunmɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xʊŋ³⁵ mɤŋ³⁵/

Middle Chinese: huwng muwng

Rime
Character	鴻	蒙
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	戸公切	莫紅切
Baxter	huwng	muwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦuŋ/	/muŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦuŋ/	/muŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuŋ/	/muŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəwŋ/	/məwŋ/
Li Rong	/ɣuŋ/	/muŋ/
Wang Li	/ɣuŋ/	/muŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣuŋ/	/muŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hóng	méng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung⁴	mung⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤoŋ mˤoŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡoːŋ moːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鴻	蒙
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hóng	méng
Middle Chinese	‹ huwng ›	‹ muwng ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁoŋ/	/*mˁoŋ/
English	kind of wild goose	cover (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鴻	蒙
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	4061	8969
Phonetic component	工	冡
Rime group	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	洪	蒙
Old Chinese	/*ɡoːŋ/	/*moːŋ/

Noun

鴻蒙

(literary) primeval chaos
- 以愚辭歌愚溪，則茫然而不違，昏然而同歸，超鴻蒙，混希夷，寂寥而莫我知也。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
  以愚辞歌愚溪，则茫然而不违，昏然而同归，超鸿蒙，混希夷，寂寥而莫我知也。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
  From: c. 810, Liu Zongyuan, 愚溪詩序, translation based on Lin Yutang's version
  Yǐ yú cí gē Yúxī, zé mángrán ér bù wéi, hūnrán ér tóngguī, chāo hóngméng, hùn xīyí, jìliáo ér mò wǒ zhī yě. [Pinyin]
  Thus fitting words of folly to celebrate the River of Folly, I lose myself in the universe, becoming a part of the vast creation, go back to the age of the nebulae, and mingle with the Inaudible and the Impalpable, hidden in a primeval stillness, unknown to the world.