風化

See also: 风化

Chinese

		wind; news; style wind; news; style; custom; manner	to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform
trad. (風化)		風	化
simp. (风化)		风	化

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): fēnghuà

(Zhuyin): ㄈㄥㄏㄨㄚˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fung¹ faa³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fûng-fa
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hong-hòa

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fēnghuà
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄥㄏㄨㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fonghuà
  - Wade–Giles: fêng¹-hua⁴
  - Yale: fēng-hwà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fenghuah
  - Palladius: фэнхуа (fɛnxua)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɤŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/
  - Homophones:
    ^edit
    ^edit
    瘋話 / 疯话
    風化 / 风化
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fung¹ faa³
  - Yale: fūng fa
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fung¹ faa³
  - Guangdong Romanization: fung¹ fa³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fʊŋ⁵⁵ faː³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fûng-fa
  - Hakka Romanization System: fung^ˊ fa
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fung¹ fa⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /fuŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong-hòa
  - Tâi-lô: hong-huà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: honghoax
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ³³ hua⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

Middle Chinese: pjuwng xwaeH

Rime
Character	風	化
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	東 (2)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	方戎切	呼霸切
Baxter	pjuwng	xwaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɨuŋ/	/hˠua^H/
Pan Wuyun	/piuŋ/	/hʷᵚa^H/
Shao Rongfen	/piuŋ/	/xua^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/puwŋ/	/hwaɨ^H/
Li Rong	/piuŋ/	/xua^H/
Wang Li	/pĭuŋ/	/xwa^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pi̯uŋ/	/xwa^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fēng	huà
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fung¹	faa³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*prəm qʷʰˤ<r>aj-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*plum hŋʷraːls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	風	化
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	fēng	huà
Middle Chinese	‹ pjuwng ›	‹ xwæ^H ›
Old Chinese	/*prəm/	/*qʷʰˁ<r>aj-s/
English	wind (n.)	transform
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	風	化
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	2921	5327
Phonetic component	凡	化
Rime group	侵	歌
Rime subdivision	3	1
Corresponding MC rime	風	化
Old Chinese	/*plum/	/*hŋʷraːls/

Noun

風化

decency; morals and manners
efflorescence; weathering; wind erosion

Verb

風化

(literary) to educate; to teach good manners; to civilize; to enlighten by education; to shape the mind through education
to weather (rocks)

Derived terms

妨害風化罪 / 妨害风化罪 (fánghài fēnghuà zuì)
有傷風化 / 有伤风化 (yǒushāngfēnghuà)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
風	化
ふう Grade: 2	か Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɸɯ̟ːka̠]

Noun

風(ふう)化(か) • (fūka)

Verb

風(ふう)化(か)する • (fūka suru) intransitive suru (stem 風(ふう)化(か)し (fūka shi), past 風(ふう)化(か)した (fūka shita))

to weather (rocks)
風化(ふうか)した石(いし)
fūka shita ishi
weathered stone
to fade away
大震災(だいしんさい)の記憶(きおく)が風化(ふうか)しつつある。
Dai shinsai no kioku ga fūka shi tsutsu aru.
Memories of the great earthquake is fading away.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "風化する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	風化し	ふうかし	fūka shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	風化し	ふうかし	fūka shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	風化する	ふうかする	fūka suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	風化する	ふうかする	fūka suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	風化すれ	ふうかすれ	fūka sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	風化せよ¹ 風化しろ²	ふうかせよ¹ ふうかしろ²	fūka seyo¹ fūka shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	風化される	ふうかされる	fūka sareru
Causative	風化させる風化さす	ふうかさせるふうかさす	fūka saseru fūka sasu
Potential	風化できる	ふうかできる	fūka dekiru
Volitional	風化しよう	ふうかしよう	fūka shiyō
Negative	風化しない	ふうかしない	fūka shinai
Negative continuative	風化せず	ふうかせず	fūka sezu
Formal	風化します	ふうかします	fūka shimasu
Perfective	風化した	ふうかした	fūka shita
Conjunctive	風化して	ふうかして	fūka shite
Hypothetical conditional	風化すれば	ふうかすれば	fūka sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

“風化”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
風	化

Noun

風化 • (punghwa) (hangeul 풍화)

hanja form^? of 풍화 (“weathering”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
風	化

Noun

風化

chữ Hán form of phong hóa (“weathering”)