降級

Chinese

		to drop; to fall; to come down to drop; to fall; to come down; to descend; to surrender	level; grade; rank level; grade; rank; step
trad. (降級)		降	級
simp. (降级)		降	级

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiàngjí

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˋ ㄐㄧˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gong³ kap¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kong-kip / kong-khip

(Hailu, HRS): gong^ˇ kib / gong^ˇ gib
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kàng-kip / kàng-khip

(Teochew, Peng'im): gang³ kib⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiàngjí
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ ㄐㄧˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiàngjí
  - Wade–Giles: chiang⁴-chi²
  - Yale: jyàng-jí
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianqjyi
  - Palladius: цзянцзи (czjanczi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gong³ kap¹
  - Yale: gong kāp
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gong³ kap⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: gong³ keb¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːŋ³³ kʰɐp̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kong-kip / kong-khip
  - Hakka Romanization System: gong gib^ˋ / gong kib^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gong⁴ gib⁵ / gong⁴ kib⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /koŋ⁵⁵ kip̚²/, /koŋ⁵⁵ kʰip̚²/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: gong^ˇ kib / gong^ˇ gib
  - Sinological IPA: /koŋ¹¹ kʰip⁵/, /koŋ¹¹ kip⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàng-kip
  - Tâi-lô: kàng-kip
  - Phofsit Daibuun: karngkib
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kip̚⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kaŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ kip̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kaŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ kip̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ kip̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàng-khip
  - Tâi-lô: kàng-khip
  - Phofsit Daibuun: karngqib
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kaŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kʰip̚⁵/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gang³ kib⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kàng khip
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰip̚²/

Verb

降級

to reduce to a lower rank; to demote
to send (a student) to a lower grade
(computing) to downgrade

Synonyms

(to demote):

edit

左遷 / 左迁 (zuǒqiān) (literary)
燉冬菇 / 炖冬菇 (dan⁶ dung¹ gu¹) (Cantonese)
甪職 / 甪职 (Hokkien)
落格 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
貶官 / 贬官 (biǎnguān) (an official)
貶斥 / 贬斥 (biǎnchì) (literary)
貶職 / 贬职 (biǎnzhí) (literary)
貶黜 / 贬黜 (biǎnchù) (literary)
降職 / 降职 (jiàngzhí)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
降	級
こう Grade: 6	きゅう Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こーきゅう [kòókyúú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ko̞ːkʲɨː]

Noun

降(こう)級(きゅう) • (kōkyū) ^{←かうきふ (kaukifu)^?}

demotion, reduction in rank

Antonyms

昇給(しょうきゅう) (shōkyū)

Verb

降(こう)級(きゅう)する • (kōkyū suru) ^{←かうきふ (kaukifu)^?}suru (stem 降(こう)級(きゅう)し (kōkyū shi), past 降(こう)級(きゅう)した (kōkyū shita))

to demote, reduce in rank

Conjugation

Conjugation of "降級する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	降級し	こうきゅうし	kōkyū shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	降級し	こうきゅうし	kōkyū shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	降級する	こうきゅうする	kōkyū suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	降級する	こうきゅうする	kōkyū suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	降級すれ	こうきゅうすれ	kōkyū sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	降級せよ¹ 降級しろ²	こうきゅうせよ¹ こうきゅうしろ²	kōkyū seyo¹ kōkyū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	降級される	こうきゅうされる	kōkyū sareru
Causative	降級させる降級さす	こうきゅうさせるこうきゅうさす	kōkyū saseru kōkyū sasu
Potential	降級できる	こうきゅうできる	kōkyū dekiru
Volitional	降級しよう	こうきゅうしよう	kōkyū shiyō
Negative	降級しない	こうきゅうしない	kōkyū shinai
Negative continuative	降級せず	こうきゅうせず	kōkyū sezu
Formal	降級します	こうきゅうします	kōkyū shimasu
Perfective	降級した	こうきゅうした	kōkyū shita
Conjunctive	降級して	こうきゅうして	kōkyū shite
Hypothetical conditional	降級すれば	こうきゅうすれば	kōkyū sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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