開化

See also: 开化

Chinese

		open; operate (vehicle); start	to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform
trad. (開化)		開	化
simp. (开化)		开	化
anagram		化開／化开

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kāihuà

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄞㄏㄨㄚˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi¹ faa³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khôi-fa
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khai-hòa

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kāihuà → kāihua (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄞㄏㄨㄚˋ → ㄎㄞ ˙ㄏㄨㄚ (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kaihuå
  - Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-hua⁵
  - Yale: kāi-hwa
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kai.huah
  - Palladius: кайхуа (kajxua)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/ → /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ xu̯ä²/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hoi¹ faa³
  - Yale: hōi fa
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoi¹ faa³
  - Guangdong Romanization: hoi¹ fa³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ faː³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khôi-fa
  - Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˊ fa
  - Hagfa Pinyim: koi¹ fa⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴⁻¹¹ fa⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khai-hòa
  - Tâi-lô: khai-huà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qai'hoax
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai³³ hua⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² hua²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua¹¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²¹/

Middle Chinese: khoj xwaeH

Rime
Character	開	化
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	苦哀切	呼霸切
Baxter	khoj	xwaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰʌi/	/hˠua^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰəi/	/hʷᵚa^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɒi/	/xua^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəj/	/hwaɨ^H/
Li Rong	/kʰᴀi/	/xua^H/
Wang Li	/kʰɒi/	/xwa^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰɑ̆i/	/xwa^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kāi	huà
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hoi¹	faa³

Verb

開化

to become civilized
(dialectal) to thaw; unfreeze
to blossom; to mature; to reach fruition

Adjective

開化

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “civilized”): (literary) 草昧 (cǎomèi), (attributive) 始祖 (shǐzǔ), 原始 (yuánshǐ)

Proper noun

開化

(～縣) Kaihua County (a county of Zhejiang, China)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (開化):

→ Japanese: 開(かい)化(か) (kaika)
→ Korean: 개화(開化) (gaehwa)
→ Vietnamese: khai hoá (開化)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
開	化
かい Grade: 3	か Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かいか [káꜜìkà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ka̠ika̠]

Noun

開(かい)化(か) • (kaika) ^{←かいくわ (kaikwa)^?}

civilization/modernization (in accordance with Western standards)
『現代日本(げんだいにほん)の開化(かいか)』
“Gendai nihon no kaika”
The Civilizing of Modern Japan (1911 lecture by Natsume Soseki)

Verb

開(かい)化(か)する • (kaika suru) ^{←かいくわ (kaikwa)^?}suru (stem 開(かい)化(か)し (kaika shi), past 開(かい)化(か)した (kaika shita))

to civilize/modernize (in accordance with Western standards)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "開化する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	開化し	かいかし	kaika shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	開化し	かいかし	kaika shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	開化する	かいかする	kaika suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	開化する	かいかする	kaika suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	開化すれ	かいかすれ	kaika sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	開化せよ¹ 開化しろ²	かいかせよ¹ かいかしろ²	kaika seyo¹ kaika shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	開化される	かいかされる	kaika sareru
Causative	開化させる開化さす	かいかさせるかいかさす	kaika saseru kaika sasu
Potential	開化できる	かいかできる	kaika dekiru
Volitional	開化しよう	かいかしよう	kaika shiyō
Negative	開化しない	かいかしない	kaika shinai
Negative continuative	開化せず	かいかせず	kaika sezu
Formal	開化します	かいかします	kaika shimasu
Perfective	開化した	かいかした	kaika shita
Conjunctive	開化して	かいかして	kaika shite
Hypothetical conditional	開化すれば	かいかすれば	kaika sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“開化”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026