躊躇う

Japanese

Kanji in this term
ためら
Hyōgai Hyōgai
jukujikun
Alternative spelling
躊う

Etymology

Derived from verb ためる (tameru, to correct, to train, to reform, spelled variously in kanji as 矯める, 揉める, 撓める), as the 未然形 (mizenkei, incomplete form) tamera- + auxiliary verb (fu, indicating repetition or ongoing state: modern verb ending u): “to be in the act of correction, to make something stay corrected”.[1]

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese 躊躇 / 踌躇 (chóuchú).

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) めら [tàméráꜜù] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
  • IPA(key): [ta̠me̞ɾa̠ɯ̟]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 躊躇う
Plain 躊躇う めら [tàméráꜜù]
Conjunctive 躊躇って めらって [tàméráꜜttè]
Perfective 躊躇った めらった [tàméráꜜttà]
Negative 躊躇わない めらわない [tàméráwáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 躊躇わなかった めらわなかった [tàméráwáꜜnàkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional 躊躇えば めらえば [tàméráꜜèbà]
Past conditional 躊躇ったら めらったら [tàméráꜜttàrà]
Imperative 躊躇え めら [tàméráꜜè]
Volitional 躊躇おう めらお [tàméráóꜜò]
Desiderative 躊躇いたい めらいた [tàméráítáꜜì]
Formal 躊躇います めらいま [tàméráímáꜜsù]
Formal negative 躊躇いません めらいませ [tàméráímáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional 躊躇いましょう めらいましょ [tàméráímáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective 躊躇いました めらいました [tàméráímáꜜshìtà]
Continuative 躊躇い
躊躇いに
めら
めらいに
[tàméráꜜì]
[tàméráꜜì nì]
Negative continuative 躊躇わず
躊躇わずに
めらわ
めらわずに
[tàméráwáꜜzù]
[tàméráwáꜜzù nì]
Passive 躊躇われる めらわれ [tàméráwáréꜜrù]
Causative 躊躇わせる
躊躇わす
めらわせ
めらわ
[tàméráwáséꜜrù]
[tàméráwáꜜsù]
Potential 躊躇える めらえ [tàméráéꜜrù]

Verb

躊躇(ためら) • (tamerauためらふ (tamerafu)?transitive godan (stem 躊躇(ためら) (tamerai), past 躊躇(ためら)った (tameratta))

  1. to quell or restrain disordered emotions, such as due to high spirits or sadness: to calm one's feelings
  2. to ease or alleviate the symptoms of disease
  3. (by extension from sense 1) to take the time to think things through calmly before making a decision: to ponder something, to consider something
  4. to calmly observe something

躊躇(ためら) • (tamerauためらふ (tamerafu)?intransitive godan (stem 躊躇(ためら) (tamerai), past 躊躇(ためら)った (tameratta))

  1. (by extension from transitive sense 3) to hesitate, to be undecided, to waver

Usage notes

The intransitive sense of "to hesitate" appears to be the most common sense in modern Japanese.

Due to the complicated stroke order of the kanji, this word is often spelled in hiragana.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "躊躇う" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 躊躇わ ためらわ tamerawa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 躊躇い ためらい tamerai
Shūshikei ("terminal") 躊躇う ためらう tamerau
Rentaikei ("attributive") 躊躇う ためらう tamerau
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 躊躇え ためらえ tamerae
Meireikei ("imperative") 躊躇え ためらえ tamerae
Key constructions
Passive 躊躇われる ためらわれる tamerawareru
Causative 躊躇わせる
躊躇わす
ためらわせる
ためらわす
tamerawaseru
tamerawasu
Potential 躊躇える ためらえる tameraeru
Volitional 躊躇おう ためらおう tameraō
Negative 躊躇わない ためらわない tamerawanai
Negative continuative 躊躇わず ためらわず tamerawazu
Formal 躊躇います ためらいます tameraimasu
Perfective 躊躇った ためらった tameratta
Conjunctive 躊躇って ためらって tameratte
Hypothetical conditional 躊躇えば ためらえば tameraeba

Synonyms

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN