越ゆ
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 越 |
| こ Grade: S |
| kun'yomi |
Etymology
From Old Japanese 越ゆ (ko₁yu), from Proto-Japonic *koy-a-.
Pronunciation
- Historical evolution of the Kyoto pitch accent
- (the Heian period) HL
- (the Kamakura period) HHH
- (the Edo period) HHH
- ※ H for high and flat syllables (◌́), L for low and flat syllables (◌̀), F for high-to-low syllables (◌̂), R for low-to-high syllables (◌̌).
※ References: [1]
Kamakura and Edo period forms use koyuru.
Verb
越ゆ • (koyu) intransitive †nidan
- (Classical Japanese, archaic) to exceed, go over, surpass
Usage notes
Do not confuse with 蹴ゆ (kuyu, koyu, “to kick”, obsolete), which has been intermittently used in the late Heian period as a development of medial -w- to -y- and affecting nearly every 二段活用 (nidan katsuyō) verb including 蹴う (kuu). It is possible that the koyu form must have risen from conflation with this word.[1]
Conjugation
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 越え | こえ | koe |
| Continuative (連用形) | 越え | こえ | koe |
| Terminal (終止形) | 越ゆ | こゆ | koyu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 越ゆる | こゆる | koyuru |
| Realis (已然形) | 越ゆれ | こゆれ | koyure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 越えよ | こえよ | koeyo |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 越えず | こえず | koezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 越ゆれど | こゆれど | koyuredo |
| Causal conjunction | 越ゆれば | こゆれば | koyureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 越えば | こえば | koeba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 越えき | こえき | koeki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 越えけり | こえけり | koekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 越えつ | こえつ | koetu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 越えぬ | こえぬ | koenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 越えたり | こえたり | koetari |
| Volitional | 越えむ | こえむ | koemu |
Derived terms
- 越える (koeru, intransitive, modern form)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nihon Kokugo Daijiten Dai-ni-han Henshū I'inkai (日本国語大辞典第二版編集委員会) (2001-2002), 日本国語大辞典 第二版 [Unabridged Japanese Dictionary: Second Edition], Tokyo (東京都): Shōgakukan (小学館), →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2019), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Old Japanese
Etymology 1
From Proto-Japonic *koy-a-.
Verb
越ゆ (ko₁yu) (kana こゆ)
- to cross over a broad or high place
Etymology 2
From Proto-Japonic *koy-a- with the regional vowel raising of mid-vowel o₁ to u in non-wordfinal position. Unrelated to 蹴う (kuu, “to kick”).
Verb
越ゆ (kuyu) (kana くゆ)
- (Hitachi Eastern Old Japanese) synonym of 越ゆ (ko₁yu)