苦行

Chinese

		bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful	to go; to do; capable to go; to do; capable; all right; competent; OK; to travel; temporary; to walk; will do; behaviour; conduct; a row; profession; professional
trad. (苦行)		苦	行
simp. ^#(苦行)		苦	行

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kǔxíng

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄒㄧㄥˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fu² hang⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khú-hàng
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khó͘-hēng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǔxíng
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄒㄧㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǔsíng
  - Wade–Giles: kʻu³-hsing²
  - Yale: kǔ-syíng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuushyng
  - Palladius: кусин (kusin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ ɕiŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fu² hang⁴
  - Yale: fú hàhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fu² hang⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: fu² heng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː³⁵ hɐŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khú-hàng
  - Hakka Romanization System: ku^ˋ hang^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ku³ hang²
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰu³¹ haŋ¹¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-hēng
  - Tâi-lô: khóo-hīng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qofheng
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ hiɪŋ⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ hiɪŋ³³/

Verb

苦行

(religion) to follow ascetic practices

Derived terms

苦行主義 / 苦行主义 (kǔxíngzhǔyì)
苦行僧 (kǔxíngsēng)

Noun

苦行

(literary) person in charge of odd jobs in a temple

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (苦行):

→ Japanese: 苦行(くぎょう) (kugyō)
→ Korean: 고행(苦行) (gohaeng)
→ Vietnamese: khổ hạnh (苦行)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
苦	行
く Grade: 3	ぎょう Grade: 2
goon

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) くぎょー [kùgyóó] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ɡʲo̞ː]

Noun

苦(く)行(ぎょう) • (kugyō) ^{←くぎやう (kugyau)^?}

strenuous work
(Buddhism) practicing asceticism

Verb

苦(く)行(ぎょう)する • (kugyō suru) ^{←くぎやう (kugyau)^?}suru (stem 苦(く)行(ぎょう)し (kugyō shi), past 苦(く)行(ぎょう)した (kugyō shita))

to do strenuous work
(Buddhism) to follow ascetic practices

Conjugation

Conjugation of "苦行する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	苦行し	くぎょうし	kugyō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	苦行し	くぎょうし	kugyō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	苦行する	くぎょうする	kugyō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	苦行する	くぎょうする	kugyō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	苦行すれ	くぎょうすれ	kugyō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	苦行せよ¹ 苦行しろ²	くぎょうせよ¹ くぎょうしろ²	kugyō seyo¹ kugyō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	苦行される	くぎょうされる	kugyō sareru
Causative	苦行させる苦行さす	くぎょうさせるくぎょうさす	kugyō saseru kugyō sasu
Potential	苦行できる	くぎょうできる	kugyō dekiru
Volitional	苦行しよう	くぎょうしよう	kugyō shiyō
Negative	苦行しない	くぎょうしない	kugyō shinai
Negative continuative	苦行せず	くぎょうせず	kugyō sezu
Formal	苦行します	くぎょうします	kugyō shimasu
Perfective	苦行した	くぎょうした	kugyō shita
Conjunctive	苦行して	くぎょうして	kugyō shite
Hypothetical conditional	苦行すれば	くぎょうすれば	kugyō sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“苦行”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026