耕耘
Chinese
| to plough; to till | to weed | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (耕耘) | 耕 | 耘 | |
| simp. #(耕耘) | 耕 | 耘 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: gēngyún
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄥ ㄩㄣˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gengyún
- Wade–Giles: kêng1-yün2
- Yale: gēng-yún
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gengyun
- Palladius: гэнъюнь (gɛnʺjunʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɤŋ⁵⁵ yn³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: gaang1 wan4
- Yale: gāang wàhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: gaang1 wan4
- Guangdong Romanization: gang1 wen4
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaːŋ⁵⁵ wɐn²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâng-yùn
- Hakka Romanization System: gangˊ iunˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gang1 yun2
- Sinological IPA: /kaŋ²⁴ i̯un¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâng-yùn
- Hakka Romanization System: gangˊ (r)iunˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gang1 yun2
- Sinological IPA: /kaŋ²⁴ (j)i̯un¹¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng-ûn
- Tâi-lô: king-ûn
- Phofsit Daibuun: keng'uun
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² un²⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ³³ un²⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² un¹³/
- Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ un²⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ un²³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gên1 ung5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: keⁿ ûng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kẽ³³⁻²³ uŋ⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien)
- Middle Chinese: keang hjun
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*kreːŋ ɢun/
Verb
耕耘
- (literally) to plow and weed; to do farm work; to cultivate
- (figuratively) to work or study diligently
Derived terms
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 耕 | 耘 |
| こう Grade: 5 |
うん Hyōgai |
| on'yomi | |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 耕うん |
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 耕耘 (MC keang hjun).
Pronunciation
Noun
Verb
耕耘する • (kōun suru) ←かううん (kauun)?suru (stem 耕耘し (kōun shi), past 耕耘した (kōun shita))
Conjugation
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 耕耘し | こううんし | kōun shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 耕耘し | こううんし | kōun shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 耕耘する | こううんする | kōun suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 耕耘する | こううんする | kōun suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 耕耘すれ | こううんすれ | kōun sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 耕耘せよ¹ 耕耘しろ² |
こううんせよ¹ こううんしろ² |
kōun seyo¹ kōun shiro² |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 耕耘される | こううんされる | kōun sareru |
| Causative | 耕耘させる 耕耘さす |
こううんさせる こううんさす |
kōun saseru kōun sasu |
| Potential | 耕耘できる | こううんできる | kōun dekiru |
| Volitional | 耕耘しよう | こううんしよう | kōun shiyō |
| Negative | 耕耘しない | こううんしない | kōun shinai |
| Negative continuative | 耕耘せず | こううんせず | kōun sezu |
| Formal | 耕耘します | こううんします | kōun shimasu |
| Perfective | 耕耘した | こううんした | kōun shita |
| Conjunctive | 耕耘して | こううんして | kōun shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 耕耘すれば | こううんすれば | kōun sureba |
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
References
- “耕▲耘”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026