耕作

Chinese

		to plough; to till	to regard as; to take (someone) for; to do to regard as; to take (someone) for; to do; to make
trad. (耕作)		耕	作
simp. ^#(耕作)		耕	作

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gēngzuò

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄥㄗㄨㄛˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaang¹ zok³
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): keng-choh

(Teochew, Peng'im): gên¹ zoh⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gēngzuò
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄥㄗㄨㄛˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gengzuò
  - Wade–Giles: kêng¹-tso⁴
  - Yale: gēng-dzwò
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gengtzuoh
  - Palladius: гэнцзо (gɛnczo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡su̯ɔ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaang¹ zok³
  - Yale: gāang jok
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaang¹ dzok⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: gang¹ zog³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːŋ⁵⁵ t͡sɔːk̚³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: keng-choh
  - Tâi-lô: king-tsoh
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kengzoiq
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡soʔ³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɪŋ³³ t͡soʔ⁵/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡soʔ³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡soʔ³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɤʔ³²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gên¹ zoh⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: keⁿ tsoh
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kẽ³³⁻²³ t͡soʔ²/

Verb

耕作

to farm; to cultivate; to plow

Synonyms

作 (Hokkien, Teochew)
犁 (lí)
穓 (yì) (literary)
耕
耕地 (gēngdì)
農耕 / 农耕 (nónggēng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (耕作):

→ Japanese: 耕作(こうさく) (kōsaku)
→ Korean: 경작(耕作) (gyeongjak)
→ Vietnamese: canh tác (耕作)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
耕	作
こう Grade: 5	さく Grade: 2
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こーさく [kòósákú] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ko̞ːsa̠kɯ̟]

Noun

耕(こう)作(さく) • (kōsaku)

agricultural cultivation, farming

Verb

耕(こう)作(さく)する • (kōsaku suru) transitive suru (stem 耕(こう)作(さく)し (kōsaku shi), past 耕(こう)作(さく)した (kōsaku shita))

to plow, to cultivate, to farm

Conjugation

Conjugation of "耕作する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	耕作し	こうさくし	kōsaku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	耕作し	こうさくし	kōsaku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	耕作する	こうさくする	kōsaku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	耕作する	こうさくする	kōsaku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	耕作すれ	こうさくすれ	kōsaku sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	耕作せよ¹ 耕作しろ²	こうさくせよ¹ こうさくしろ²	kōsaku seyo¹ kōsaku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	耕作される	こうさくされる	kōsaku sareru
Causative	耕作させる耕作さす	こうさくさせるこうさくさす	kōsaku saseru kōsaku sasu
Potential	耕作できる	こうさくできる	kōsaku dekiru
Volitional	耕作しよう	こうさくしよう	kōsaku shiyō
Negative	耕作しない	こうさくしない	kōsaku shinai
Negative continuative	耕作せず	こうさくせず	kōsaku sezu
Formal	耕作します	こうさくします	kōsaku shimasu
Perfective	耕作した	こうさくした	kōsaku shita
Conjunctive	耕作して	こうさくして	kōsaku shite
Hypothetical conditional	耕作すれば	こうさくすれば	kōsaku sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

“耕作”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
耕	作

Noun

耕作 • (gyeongjak) (hangeul 경작)

hanja form^? of 경작 (“cultivation”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
耕	作

Verb

耕作

chữ Hán form of canh tác (“to cultivate”)