築く

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
築
きず Grade: 5
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
塑

From Old Japanese, attested in the Izumo Fudoki completed in 733.^[1]

By surface analysis, 杵 (ki, “mallet, pounder, pestle”, from which きね (kine) “pestle” is also derived^[2]) +‎ 築く (tsuku, “to build up, to pile up, to amass”, see below),^[1]^[3] for a base sense of “to make something using a pounder or mallet”,^[1] much as when building up rammed earth or stonework.

This term as 杵 (ki, “pounder”) + 築く (tsuku, “build up”) then underwent conflation with, or was reanalysed as, 城 (ki, “castle, fortress”) + 築く (tsuku, “build up”) with a basic sense of “to construct”. This latter derivation is given as the only etymology in some references.^[4]^[5]^[6] However, the “to construct” sense is attested centuries later in 1081.^[1] Moreover, the “castle, fortress” sense for the initial ki- element was pronounced in Old Japanese as /ki₂/, while the “pounder, mallet” sense was pronounced /ki₁/.^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) きずく [kìzúꜜkù] (Nakadaka – [2])^[3]^[5]^[7]
IPA^(key): [kʲizɨkɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 築く

Plain	築く	きずく	`[kìzúꜜkù]`
Conjunctive	築いて	きずいて	`[kìzúꜜìtè]`
Perfective	築いた	きずいた	`[kìzúꜜìtà]`
Negative	築かない	きずかない	`[kìzúkáꜜnàì]`
Negative perfective	築かなかった	きずかなかった	`[kìzúkáꜜnàkàttà]`
Hypothetical conditional	築けば	きずけば	`[kìzúꜜkèbà]`
Past conditional	築いたら	きずいたら	`[kìzúꜜìtàrà]`
Imperative	築け	きずけ	`[kìzúꜜkè]`
Volitional	築こう	きずこー	`[kìzúkóꜜò]`
Desiderative	築きたい	きずきたい	`[kìzúkítáꜜì]`
Formal	築きます	きずきます	`[kìzúkímáꜜsù]`
Formal negative	築きません	きずきません	`[kìzúkímáséꜜǹ]`
Formal volitional	築きましょう	きずきましょー	`[kìzúkímáshóꜜò]`
Formal perfective	築きました	きずきました	`[kìzúkímáꜜshìtà]`
Continuative	築き築きに	きずききずきに	`[kìzúꜜkì]` `[kìzúꜜkì nì]`
Negative continuative	築かず築かずに	きずかずきずかずに	`[kìzúkáꜜzù]` `[kìzúkáꜜzù nì]`
Passive	築かれる	きずかれる	`[kìzúkáréꜜrù]`
Causative	築かせる築かす	きずかせるきずかす	`[kìzúkáséꜜrù]` `[kìzúkáꜜsù]`
Potential	築ける	きずける	`[kìzúkéꜜrù]`

Verb

築(きず)く • (kizuku) ^{←きづく (kiduku)^?}transitive godan (stem 築(きず)き (kizuki), past 築(きず)いた (kizuita))

[from 733] to build up
[from 1081] to construct (a castle, fort, etc.)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "築く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	築か	きずか	kizuka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	築き	きずき	kizuki
Shūshikei ("terminal")	築く	きずく	kizuku
Rentaikei ("attributive")	築く	きずく	kizuku
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	築け	きずけ	kizuke
Meireikei ("imperative")	築け	きずけ	kizuke
Key constructions
Passive	築かれる	きずかれる	kizukareru
Causative	築かせる築かす	きずかせるきずかす	kizukaseru kizukasu
Potential	築ける	きずける	kizukeru
Volitional	築こう	きずこう	kizukō
Negative	築かない	きずかない	kizukanai
Negative continuative	築かず	きずかず	kizukazu
Formal	築きます	きずきます	kizukimasu
Perfective	築いた	きずいた	kizuita
Conjunctive	築いて	きずいて	kizuite
Hypothetical conditional	築けば	きずけば	kizukeba

Classical conjugation of "築く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	築か	きづか	kiduka
Continuative (連用形)	築き	きづき	kiduki
Terminal (終止形)	築く	きづく	kiduku
Attributive (連体形)	築く	きづく	kiduku
Realis (已然形)	築け	きづけ	kiduke
Imperative (命令形)	築け	きづけ	kiduke
Key constructions
Negative	築かず	きづかず	kidukazu
Contrasting conjunction	築けど	きづけど	kidukedo
Causal conjunction	築けば	きづけば	kidukeba
Conditional conjunction	築かば	きづかば	kidukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	築きき	きづきき	kidukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	築きけり	きづきけり	kidukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	築きつ	きづきつ	kidukitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	築きぬ	きづきぬ	kidukinu
Perfect-continuative tense	築けり築きたり	きづけりきづきたり	kidukeri kidukitari
Volitional	築かむ	きづかむ	kidukamu

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
築
つ Grade: 5
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Cognate with Japanese 突く (tsuku).^[8]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Verb

築(つ)く • (tsuku) transitive godan (stem 築(つ)き (tsuki), past 築(つ)いた (tsuita))

[from 712] to build up, to pile up, to amass

Conjugation

Conjugation of "築く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	築か	つか	tsuka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	築き	つき	tsuki
Shūshikei ("terminal")	築く	つく	tsuku
Rentaikei ("attributive")	築く	つく	tsuku
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	築け	つけ	tsuke
Meireikei ("imperative")	築け	つけ	tsuke
Key constructions
Passive	築かれる	つかれる	tsukareru
Causative	築かせる築かす	つかせるつかす	tsukaseru tsukasu
Potential	築ける	つける	tsukeru
Volitional	築こう	つこう	tsukō
Negative	築かない	つかない	tsukanai
Negative continuative	築かず	つかず	tsukazu
Formal	築きます	つきます	tsukimasu
Perfective	築いた	ついた	tsuita
Conjunctive	築いて	ついて	tsuite
Hypothetical conditional	築けば	つけば	tsukeba

Classical conjugation of "築く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	築か	つか	tuka
Continuative (連用形)	築き	つき	tuki
Terminal (終止形)	築く	つく	tuku
Attributive (連体形)	築く	つく	tuku
Realis (已然形)	築け	つけ	tuke
Imperative (命令形)	築け	つけ	tuke
Key constructions
Negative	築かず	つかず	tukazu
Contrasting conjunction	築けど	つけど	tukedo
Causal conjunction	築けば	つけば	tukeba
Conditional conjunction	築かば	つかば	tukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	築きき	つきき	tukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	築きけり	つきけり	tukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	築きつ	つきつ	tukitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	築きぬ	つきぬ	tukinu
Perfect-continuative tense	築けり築きたり	つけりつきたり	tukeri tukitari
Volitional	築かむ	つかむ	tukamu

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 “築・塑”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
^ “杵”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ “突・衝・撞・搗・舂・築・吐”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

“築く”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[4] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[KDJ2-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 “築・塑”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[KDJ2-kine-2] “杵”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[SMK5-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[Kojien-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

[DJR-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJS-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[NHK-7] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[KDJ-tsuku-8] “突・衝・撞・搗・舂・築・吐”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

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