百濟

See also: 百済 and 百济

Chinese

		hundred	to ferry across; to aid
trad. (百濟)		百	濟
simp. (百济)		百	济

Etymology

Two traditional explanations are recorded in early sources:

初以百家濟海，因號百濟。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

初以百家济海，因号百济。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: 隋書·東夷百濟

Chū yǐ bǎi jiā jì hǎi, yīn hào bǎijì. [Pinyin]

Initially, [they] crossed the sea with a hundred families; hence the name 'Baekje'(Hundred Crossings).

國號十濟…後以來時百姓樂從，改號百濟。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

国号十济…后以来时百姓乐从，改号百济。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: Samguk Sagi (1145 AD), Vol. 23

Guóhào shíjì... Hòu yǐ lái shí bǎixìng yuè cóng, gǎi hào bǎijì. [Pinyin]

[The founder originally] named the state Shí jì (Ten [Ministers] Helping)... Later, as the bǎi xìng (hundred surnames, i.e. the common people) had joyfully followed [them] when they came, [the state] was renamed 'Bǎi jì' (Hundred Helping).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Bǎijì

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄞˇ ㄐㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): baak³ zai³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Bǎijì
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄞˇ ㄐㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Bǎijì
  - Wade–Giles: Pai³-chi⁴
  - Yale: Bǎi-jì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Baejih
  - Palladius: Байцзи (Bajczi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /paɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: baak³ zai³
  - Yale: baak jai
  - Cantonese Pinyin: baak⁸ dzai³
  - Guangdong Romanization: bag³ zei³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /paːk̚³ t͡sɐi̯³³/

Middle Chinese: paek tsejH

Rime
Character	百	濟
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	陌 (113)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	IV
Fanqie	博陌切	子計切
Baxter	paek	tsejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pˠæk̚/	/t͡sei^H/
Pan Wuyun	/pᵚak̚/	/t͡sei^H/
Shao Rongfen	/pak̚/	/t͡sɛi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/paɨjk̚/	/t͡sɛj^H/
Li Rong	/pɐk̚/	/t͡sei^H/
Wang Li	/pɐk̚/	/t͡siei^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pɐk̚/	/t͡siei^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bo	jì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bak¹	zai³

Proper noun

百濟

(historical) Baekje (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 18 BCE to 660 CE; at its maximum covering most of modern western South Korea)

Coordinate terms

高句麗／高句丽 (Gāogōulí)
新羅／新罗 (Xīnluó)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (百濟):

→ Japanese: 百(ひゃく)済(さい) (Hyakusai)

Korean

Hanja in this term
百	濟

Proper noun

百濟 • (Baekje) (hangeul 백제)

hanja form^? of 백제

Old Japanese

Etymology

From Old Korean 居陀羅 (*Kutara, name of an important place in Baekje territory).^[1]

The kanji spelling is an orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 百濟 (MC paek tsejH).

Proper noun

百濟 (Kudara) (kana くだら)

Baekje (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 18 BCE to 660 CE; at its maximum covering most of modern western South Korea)
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 8, poem 1431:
  , text here
  百濟野乃芽古枝爾待春跡居之鶯鳴爾鷄鵡鴨
  Kudara-no₁ no₂ pagi₂ puruye ni paru matu to₂ worisi ugupi₁su naki₁nike₁mu ka mo
  At the field of Baekje with the bush clover’s old branch, I have sat with a nightingale waiting for spring; I should have been crying!

Coordinate terms

狛 (Ko₂ma, “Goguryeo”)
新羅 (Siraki₂, “Silla”)

Derived terms

百濟王 (Kudara no₂ ko₂niki₁si)

Descendants

Japanese: 百済 (Kudara)

References

^ “百済”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
百	濟

Proper noun

百濟

chữ Hán form of Bách Tế: (historical) Baekje (an ancient kingdom in modern Korea, one of the Three Kingdoms, existing from 18 BCE to 660 CE; at its maximum covering most of modern western South Korea)

Coordinate terms

高句麗 (Cao Câu Ly/Cao Câu Li)
新羅 (Tân La)

[KDJ2-1] “百済”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎^[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

[1]