燻べる

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
燻
ふす Hyōgai
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese 燻ぶ, in the 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ふすべる [fùsúbéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ɸɯ̟sɨbe̞ɾɯ̟]

Verb

燻(ふす)べる • (fusuberu) transitive or intransitive ichidan (stem 燻(ふす)べ (fusube), past 燻(ふす)べた (fusubeta))

to burn so as to produce much smoke
to make something black with smoke
to drive out (pests) with smoke; to fumigate
(figuratively) to pout, sulk

Conjugation

Conjugation of "燻べる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	燻べ	ふすべ	fusube
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	燻べ	ふすべ	fusube
Shūshikei ("terminal")	燻べる	ふすべる	fusuberu
Rentaikei ("attributive")	燻べる	ふすべる	fusuberu
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	燻べれ	ふすべれ	fusubere
Meireikei ("imperative")	燻べよ¹ 燻べろ²	ふすべよ¹ ふすべろ²	fusubeyo¹ fusubero²
Key constructions
Passive	燻べられる	ふすべられる	fusuberareru
Causative	燻べさせる燻べさす	ふすべさせるふすべさす	fusubesaseru fusubesasu
Potential	燻べられる燻べれる³	ふすべられるふすべれる³	fusuberareru fusubereru³
Volitional	燻べよう	ふすべよう	fusubeyō
Negative	燻べない燻べぬ燻べん	ふすべないふすべぬふすべん	fusubenai fusubenu fusuben
Negative continuative	燻べず	ふすべず	fusubezu
Formal	燻べます	ふすべます	fusubemasu
Perfective	燻べた	ふすべた	fusubeta
Conjunctive	燻べて	ふすべて	fusubete
Hypothetical conditional	燻べれば	ふすべれば	fusubereba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Related terms

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
燻
くす Hyōgai
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese 燻ぶ, in the 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) くすべる [kùsúbéꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])^[1]
(Tokyo) くすべる [kùsúbérú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [kɯ̟sɨbe̞ɾɯ̟]

Verb

燻(くす)べる • (kusuberu) transitive ichidan (stem 燻(くす)べ (kusube), past 燻(くす)べた (kusubeta))

to burn something so as to produce much smoke
to torment, bully

Conjugation

Conjugation of "燻べる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	燻べ	くすべ	kusube
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	燻べ	くすべ	kusube
Shūshikei ("terminal")	燻べる	くすべる	kusuberu
Rentaikei ("attributive")	燻べる	くすべる	kusuberu
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	燻べれ	くすべれ	kusubere
Meireikei ("imperative")	燻べよ¹ 燻べろ²	くすべよ¹ くすべろ²	kusubeyo¹ kusubero²
Key constructions
Passive	燻べられる	くすべられる	kusuberareru
Causative	燻べさせる燻べさす	くすべさせるくすべさす	kusubesaseru kusubesasu
Potential	燻べられる燻べれる³	くすべられるくすべれる³	kusuberareru kusubereru³
Volitional	燻べよう	くすべよう	kusubeyō
Negative	燻べない燻べぬ燻べん	くすべないくすべぬくすべん	kusubenai kusubenu kusuben
Negative continuative	燻べず	くすべず	kusubezu
Formal	燻べます	くすべます	kusubemasu
Perfective	燻べた	くすべた	kusubeta
Conjunctive	燻べて	くすべて	kusubete
Hypothetical conditional	燻べれば	くすべれば	kusubereba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Synonyms

燻す

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN