濫
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Translingual
Han character
濫 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+14 in Chinese, 水+15 in Japanese, 17 strokes in Chinese, 18 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 水尸戈廿 (ESIT) or 水尸一廿 (ESMT), four-corner 38117, composition ⿰氵監)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 657, character 3
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18521
- Dae Jaweon: page 1067, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1766, character 9
- Unihan data for U+6FEB
Chinese
Glyph origin
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 藍 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 襤 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 籃 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 懢 | *ɡ·raːm, *ɡ·raːms |
| 儖 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 蘫 | *ɡ·raːm, *qʰlaːms |
| 攬 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 欖 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 覽 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 爁 | *ɡ·raːmʔ, *ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams |
| 擥 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 灠 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 濫 | *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ |
| 嚂 | *ɡ·raːms, *kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ |
| 纜 | *ɡ·raːms |
| 監 | *kraːm, *kraːms |
| 礛 | *kraːm |
| 鑑 | *kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms |
| 艦 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 檻 | *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms |
| 壏 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 轞 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 鹽 | *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).
Pronunciation 1
| trad. | 濫 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 滥 | |
| 2nd round simp. | 㳕 | |
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): laam6 / laam5
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): lâng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lang5
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6le
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: làn
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: làn
- Wade–Giles: lan4
- Yale: làn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lann
- Palladius: лань (lanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /län⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: laam6 / laam5
- Yale: laahm / láahm
- Cantonese Pinyin: laam6 / laam5
- Guangdong Romanization: lam6 / lam5
- Sinological IPA (key): /laːm²²/, /laːm¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lam
- Hakka Romanization System: lam
- Hagfa Pinyim: lam4
- Sinological IPA: /lam⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- Guangdong: lam4
- Sinological IPA: /lam⁵³/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: lang5
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lāng
- Sinological IPA (key): /laŋ¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: lang5
- Sinological IPA (key): /laŋ²¹/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lām
- Tâi-lô: lām
- Phofsit Daibuun: lam
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /lam⁴¹/
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lam²²/
- Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lam³³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: lam7
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lām
- Sinological IPA (key): /lam¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: lamH
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raːms/
Definitions
濫
- to overflow; to flood
- excessive; indiscriminate
- (Eastern Min) wet
Synonyms
Compounds
- 下三濫 / 下三滥 (xiàsānlàn)
- 乞留惡濫 / 乞留恶滥
- 偏濫 / 偏滥
- 冒濫 / 冒滥
- 叨濫 / 叨滥
- 寧缺勿濫 / 宁缺勿滥 (nìngquēwùlàn)
- 寧缺毋濫 / 宁缺毋滥 (nìngquēwúlàn)
- 愚濫 / 愚滥
- 放刁把濫 / 放刁把滥
- 泛濫 / 泛滥 (fànlàn)
- 泛濫成災 / 泛滥成灾 (fànlànchéngzāi)
- 浮濫 / 浮滥
- 淫濫 / 淫滥
- 濫交 / 滥交 (lànjiāo)
- 濫伐 / 滥伐
- 濫刑 / 滥刑 (lànxíng)
- 濫取 / 滥取
- 濫吃濫用 / 滥吃滥用
- 濫吏贓官 / 滥吏赃官
- 濫墾 / 滥垦
- 濫套 / 滥套
- 濫好人 / 滥好人 (lànhǎorén)
- 濫官污吏 / 滥官污吏 (lànguān-wūlì)
- 濫情 / 滥情 (lànqíng)
- 濫支 / 滥支
- 濫殺無辜 / 滥杀无辜 (lànshā wúgū)
- 濫汙 / 滥污
- 濫漫 / 滥漫
- 濫用 / 滥用 (lànyòng)
- 濫發 / 滥发 (lànfā)
- 濫竽 / 滥竽 (lànyú)
- 濫竽充數 / 滥竽充数 (lànyúchōngshù)
- 濫葬 / 滥葬
- 濫行 / 滥行
- 濫觴 / 滥觞 (lànshāng)
- 濫調 / 滥调 (làndiào)
- 濫貨 / 滥货
- 濫造 / 滥造
- 狂嫖濫賭 / 狂嫖滥赌
- 粗製濫造 / 粗制滥造 (cūzhìlànzào)
- 苛濫 / 苛滥
- 陳腔濫調 / 陈腔滥调 (chénqiānglàndiào)
Pronunciation 2
| trad. | 濫 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 滥 | |
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
- Wade–Giles: chien4
- Yale: jyàn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
- Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: haam5
- Yale: háahm
- Cantonese Pinyin: haam5
- Guangdong Romanization: ham5
- Sinological IPA (key): /haːm¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Middle Chinese: haemX
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːmʔ/
Definitions
濫
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 監 / 监 (“eunuch, supervisor”)
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: らん (ran, Jōyō)←らむ (ramu, historical)
- Kan-on: らん (ran, Jōyō)←らむ (ramu, historical)
- Kun: あふれる (afureru, 濫れる)、ひたす (hitasu, 濫す)、みだりに (midarini, 濫りに)、みだれる (midareru, 濫れる)
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 濫 |
| らん Grade: S |
| on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 濫 (MC lamH).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɾã̠ɴ]
Affix
濫 • (ran)
Usage notes
乱 is a daiyōji replacing 濫 in various terms.
Japanese terms with 濫 replaced by daiyōji 乱:
Derived terms
(Replaced by 乱 in modern orthography):
(Not replaced by 乱 in modern orthography):
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 濫 (MC lamH).
| Historical readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean 람〮 (Yale: lám) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 넘〯ᄯᅵᆯ 람〮 | Recorded as Middle Korean 람〮 (lám) (Yale: lám) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. |
Pronunciation
- (initial position)
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [na̠(ː)m]
- Phonetic hangul: [남(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
- (non-initial position)
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɾa̠m]
- Phonetic hangul: [람]
Hanja
濫 (eumhun 넘칠 람 (neomchil ram), word-initial (South Korea) 넘칠 남 (neomchil nam))
Compounds
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]
Vietnamese
Han character
濫: Hán Việt readings: lạm[1][2][3][4][5][6]
濫: Nôm readings: làm[1][2][4][5][6][7], trộm[1][2][4][5][6][7], giậm[2][3], lặm[2], lầm[2], lòm[2], lộm[2], lợm[2], lụm[2], luộm[2]
- chữ Hán form of lạm (“to overflow”)
- chữ Nôm form of làm (“to do; to make; to work”)
- chữ Nôm form of trộm (“to steal; (literary) to do something secretly”)