悲歌

Chinese

		sad; sadness; sorrow sad; sadness; sorrow; grief	song
trad. (悲歌)		悲	歌
simp. ^#(悲歌)		悲	歌

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bēigē

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄟㄍㄜ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bei¹ go¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pi-ko͘ / pi-koa / pi-ko

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bēigē
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄟㄍㄜ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: beige
  - Wade–Giles: pei¹-ko¹
  - Yale: bēi-gē
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: beige
  - Palladius: бэйгэ (bɛjgɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /peɪ̯⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bei¹ go¹
  - Yale: bēi gō
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bei¹ go¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: béi¹ go¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pei̯⁵⁵ kɔː⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pi-ko͘
  - Tâi-lô: pi-koo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pi'kof
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /pi³³ kɔ³³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pi-koa
  - Tâi-lô: pi-kua
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pi'koaf
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pi⁴⁴⁻³³ kua⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pi-ko
  - Tâi-lô: pi-ko
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pi'koy
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pi⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: pij ka

Rime
Character	悲	歌
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	脂 (17)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	府眉切	古俄切
Baxter	pij	ka
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pˠiɪ/	/kɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/pᵚi/	/kɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/piɪ/	/kɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pji/	/ka/
Li Rong	/pji/	/kɑ/
Wang Li	/pi/	/kɑ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pi/	/kɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bī	gē
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bei¹	go¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*prəj [k]ˤaj/

(Zhengzhang): /*prɯl kaːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	悲	歌
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bēi	gē
Middle Chinese	‹ pij ›	‹ ka ›
Old Chinese	/*prəj/	/*[k]ˁaj/
English	sad	sing, song
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	悲	歌
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3067	7438
Phonetic component	非	可
Rime group	微	歌
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	悲	歌
Old Chinese	/*prɯl/	/*kaːl/

Noun

悲歌

sad melody; stirring strains; elegy; dirge

Verb

悲歌

to sing with solemn fervor
- 善舉事者，若乘舟而悲歌，一人唱而千人和。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  善举事者，若乘舟而悲歌，一人唱而千人和。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Huainanzi, 2^nd century BCE
  Shàn jǔshì zhě, ruò chéngzhōu ér bēigē, yī rén chàng ér qiān rén hè. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (悲歌):

→ Japanese: 悲歌(ひか) (hika)
→ Korean: 비가(悲歌) (biga)
→ Vietnamese: bi ca (悲歌)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
悲	歌
ひ Grade: 3	か Grade: 2
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ひか [híꜜkà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
(Tokyo) ひか [hìkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[1]
IPA^(key): [çika̠]

Noun

悲(ひ)歌(か) • (hika)

sad melody; stirring strains; elegy; dirge
Synonym: エレジー (erejī)
singing with solemn fervor

Verb

悲(ひ)歌(か)する • (hika suru) suru (stem 悲(ひ)歌(か)し (hika shi), past 悲(ひ)歌(か)した (hika shita))

to sing with solemn fervor

Conjugation

Conjugation of "悲歌する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	悲歌し	ひかし	hika shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	悲歌し	ひかし	hika shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	悲歌する	ひかする	hika suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	悲歌する	ひかする	hika suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	悲歌すれ	ひかすれ	hika sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	悲歌せよ¹ 悲歌しろ²	ひかせよ¹ ひかしろ²	hika seyo¹ hika shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	悲歌される	ひかされる	hika sareru
Causative	悲歌させる悲歌さす	ひかさせるひかさす	hika saseru hika sasu
Potential	悲歌できる	ひかできる	hika dekiru
Volitional	悲歌しよう	ひかしよう	hika shiyō
Negative	悲歌しない	ひかしない	hika shinai
Negative continuative	悲歌せず	ひかせず	hika sezu
Formal	悲歌します	ひかします	hika shimasu
Perfective	悲歌した	ひかした	hika shita
Conjunctive	悲歌して	ひかして	hika shite
Hypothetical conditional	悲歌すれば	ひかすれば	hika sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2019), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2020), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Eighth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
悲	歌

Noun

悲歌

chữ Hán form of bi ca (“sad melody; stirring strains; elegy; dirge”)