悲憤

See also: 悲愤

Chinese

		sad; sadness; sorrow sad; sadness; sorrow; grief	indignant; anger; resentment
trad. (悲憤)		悲	憤
simp. (悲愤)		悲	愤

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bēifèn

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄟㄈㄣˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bei¹ fan⁵
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): pi-hūn / pi-hún

(Teochew, Peng'im): bui¹ hung³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bēifèn
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄟㄈㄣˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: beifèn
  - Wade–Giles: pei¹-fên⁴
  - Yale: bēi-fèn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: beifenn
  - Palladius: бэйфэнь (bɛjfɛnʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /peɪ̯⁵⁵ fən⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bei¹ fan⁵
  - Yale: bēi fáhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bei¹ fan⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: béi¹ fen⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pei̯⁵⁵ fɐn¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pi-hūn
  - Tâi-lô: pi-hūn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pi'hun
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /pi⁴⁴⁻²² hun²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /pi³³ hun⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pi-hún
  - Tâi-lô: pi-hún
  - Phofsit Daibuun: pi'huon
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /pi⁴⁴⁻²² hun⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: bui¹ hung³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pui hùng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pui³³⁻²³ huŋ²¹³/

Middle Chinese: pij bjunX

Rime
Character	悲	憤
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)	並 (3)
Final (韻)	脂 (17)	文 (59)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	府眉切	房吻切
Baxter	pij	bjunX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pˠiɪ/	/bɨun^X/
Pan Wuyun	/pᵚi/	/biun^X/
Shao Rongfen	/piɪ/	/biuən^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pji/	/bun^X/
Li Rong	/pji/	/biuən^X/
Wang Li	/pi/	/bĭuən^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/pi/	/bʱi̯uən^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bī	fèn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bei¹	fan⁶

Adjective

悲憤

sad and resentful; indignant

Synonyms

(Hokkien) 氣苦／气苦

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (悲憤):

→ Japanese: 悲(ひ)憤(ふん) (hifun)
→ Korean: 비분(悲憤) (bibun)
→ Vietnamese: bi phẫn (悲憤)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
悲	憤
ひ Grade: 3	ふん Grade: S
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ひふん [hìfúń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]
(Tokyo) ひふん [híꜜfùǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3]
IPA^(key): [çiɸɯ̟̃ɴ]

Noun

悲(ひ)憤(ふん) • (hifun)

resentment, grief, indignation

Verb

悲(ひ)憤(ふん)する • (hifun suru) suru (stem 悲(ひ)憤(ふん)し (hifun shi), past 悲(ひ)憤(ふん)した (hifun shita))

to be resentful, to feel indignant

Conjugation

Conjugation of "悲憤する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	悲憤し	ひふんし	hifun shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	悲憤し	ひふんし	hifun shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	悲憤する	ひふんする	hifun suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	悲憤する	ひふんする	hifun suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	悲憤すれ	ひふんすれ	hifun sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	悲憤せよ¹ 悲憤しろ²	ひふんせよ¹ ひふんしろ²	hifun seyo¹ hifun shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	悲憤される	ひふんされる	hifun sareru
Causative	悲憤させる悲憤さす	ひふんさせるひふんさす	hifun saseru hifun sasu
Potential	悲憤できる	ひふんできる	hifun dekiru
Volitional	悲憤しよう	ひふんしよう	hifun shiyō
Negative	悲憤しない	ひふんしない	hifun shinai
Negative continuative	悲憤せず	ひふんせず	hifun sezu
Formal	悲憤します	ひふんします	hifun shimasu
Perfective	悲憤した	ひふんした	hifun shita
Conjunctive	悲憤して	ひふんして	hifun shite
Hypothetical conditional	悲憤すれば	ひふんすれば	hifun sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2019), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2020), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Eighth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
悲	憤

Adjective

悲憤

chữ Hán form of bi phẫn (“sad and resentful; indignant”)