帰化

Japanese

Kanji in this term
帰 化
き
Grade: 2 		か
Grade: 3
on'yomi
Alternative spelling
歸化 (kyūjitai)

Etymology

帰(き) (ki, “to submit to”) + 化(か) (-ka, “-ize”)

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) きか [kíꜜkà] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2][3]
  • (Tokyo) きか [kìkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][2][3] non-lexical pitch that some speakers employ to reconcile coinciding devoicing and accenting
  • IPA(key): [kʲi̥ka̠]

Noun

帰(き)化(か) • (kika) ←きくわ (kikwa)?

  1. the process of taking citizenship in a foreign country; naturalization

Derived terms

Verb

帰(き)化(か)する • (kika suru) intransitive suru (stem 帰(き)化(か)し (kika shi), past 帰(き)化(か)した (kika shita))

  1. to naturalize

Conjugation

Conjugation of "帰化する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 帰化し きかし kika shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 帰化し きかし kika shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 帰化する きかする kika suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 帰化する きかする kika suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 帰化すれ きかすれ kika sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 帰化せよ¹
帰化しろ² 		きかせよ¹
きかしろ² 		kika seyo¹
kika shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 帰化される きかされる kika sareru
Causative 帰化させる
帰化さす 		きかさせる
きかさす 		kika saseru
kika sasu
Potential 帰化できる きかできる kika dekiru
Volitional 帰化しよう きかしよう kika shiyō
Negative 帰化しない きかしない kika shinai
Negative continuative 帰化せず きかせず kika sezu
Formal 帰化します きかします kika shimasu
Perfective 帰化した きかした kika shita
Conjunctive 帰化して きかして kika shite
Hypothetical conditional 帰化すれば きかすれば kika sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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