孤立

Chinese

		lone; lonely	set up; to stand
trad. (孤立)		孤	立
simp. ^#(孤立)		孤	立

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gūlì

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄌㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gu¹ lap⁶ / gu¹ laap⁶
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gou¹ lih⁷
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ko͘-li̍p

(Teochew, Peng'im): gou¹ lib⁸

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gūlì
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄌㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gulì
  - Wade–Giles: ku¹-li⁴
  - Yale: gū-lì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gulih
  - Palladius: гули (guli)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁵ li⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gu¹ lap⁶ / gu¹ laap⁶
  - Yale: gū lahp / gū laahp
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gu¹ lap⁹ / gu¹ laap⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gu¹ leb⁶ / gu¹ lab⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː⁵⁵ lɐp̚²/, /kuː⁵⁵ laːp̚²/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gou¹ lih⁷ [Phonetic: gou⁵ lih⁷]
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: go-li̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔu⁵³³⁻¹¹ liʔ⁴/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: gou¹ lih⁷ [Phonetic: gou⁵ lih⁷]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔu⁵⁴⁴⁻²¹ liʔ⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-li̍p
  - Tâi-lô: koo-li̍p
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kolip
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lip̚⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³ lip̚²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² lip̚¹²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lip̚⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ lip̚⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gou¹ lib⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kou li̍p
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kou³³⁻²³ lip̚⁴/

Middle Chinese: ku lip

Rime
Character	孤	立
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	緝 (141)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古胡切	力入切
Baxter	ku	lip
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuo/	/liɪp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kuo/	/lip̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ko/	/ljep̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔ/	/lip̚/
Li Rong	/ko/	/liəp̚/
Wang Li	/ku/	/lĭĕp̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuo/	/li̯əp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gū	lì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu¹	lap⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kʷˤa k.rəp/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʷaː rɯb/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	孤	立
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gū	lì
Middle Chinese	‹ ku ›	‹ lip ›
Old Chinese	/*kʷˁa/	/*k.rəp/
English	orphan	stand (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	孤	立
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4347	7869
Phonetic component	瓜	立
Rime group	魚	緝
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	孤	立
Old Chinese	/*kʷaː/	/*rɯb/

Adjective

孤立

Synonyms

(isolated): (literary) 孤懸／孤悬 (gūxuán)

Verb

孤立

(transitive) to isolate
社交孤立 ― shèjiāo gūlì ― to be socially isolated; social isolation

Derived terms

孤立主義 / 孤立主义 (gūlìzhǔyì)
孤立子 (gūlìzǐ)
孤立子波 (gūlìzǐ bō)
孤立波 (gūlìbō)
孤立語言 / 孤立语言 (gūlì yǔyán)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (孤立):

→ Japanese: 孤(こ)立(りつ) (koritsu)
→ Korean: 고립(孤立) (gorip)
→ Vietnamese: cô lập (孤立)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
孤	立
こ Grade: S	りつ Grade: 1
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こりつ [kòrítsú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ko̞ɾʲit͡sɨ]

Noun

孤(こ)立(りつ) • (koritsu)

isolation

Derived terms

孤立系(こりつけい) (koritsukei)
孤立語(こりつご) (koritsugo): isolating language
孤立主義(こりつしゅぎ) (koritsushugi)
孤立点(こりつてん) (koritsuten)
孤立波(こりつは) (koritsuha): solitary wave
孤立無援(こりつむえん) (koritsumuen)

Verb

孤(こ)立(りつ)する • (koritsu suru) intransitive suru (stem 孤(こ)立(りつ)し (koritsu shi), past 孤(こ)立(りつ)した (koritsu shita))

stand alone, be in isolation
人(ひと)を仲間(なかま)から孤立(こりつ)させる
hito o nakama kara koritsu saseru
isolate a person from his friends

Conjugation

Conjugation of "孤立する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	孤立し	こりつし	koritsu shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	孤立し	こりつし	koritsu shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	孤立する	こりつする	koritsu suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	孤立する	こりつする	koritsu suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	孤立すれ	こりつすれ	koritsu sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	孤立せよ¹ 孤立しろ²	こりつせよ¹ こりつしろ²	koritsu seyo¹ koritsu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	孤立される	こりつされる	koritsu sareru
Causative	孤立させる孤立さす	こりつさせるこりつさす	koritsu saseru koritsu sasu
Potential	孤立できる	こりつできる	koritsu dekiru
Volitional	孤立しよう	こりつしよう	koritsu shiyō
Negative	孤立しない	こりつしない	koritsu shinai
Negative continuative	孤立せず	こりつせず	koritsu sezu
Formal	孤立します	こりつします	koritsu shimasu
Perfective	孤立した	こりつした	koritsu shita
Conjunctive	孤立して	こりつして	koritsu shite
Hypothetical conditional	孤立すれば	こりつすれば	koritsu sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

“孤立”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
Ineko Kondō, Fumi Takano, Mary E. Althaus, et al. (2002), Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, third edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
孤	立

Noun

孤立 • (gorip) (hangeul 고립)

hanja form^? of 고립 (“isolation”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
孤	立

Verb

孤立

chữ Hán form of cô lập (“to isolate”)

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

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